Severe acute respiratory infection in children in a densely populated urban slum in Kenya, 2007–2011

Breiman, Robert F.; Cosmas, Leonard; Njenga, M. Kariuki; Williamson, John; Mott, Joshua A.; Katz, Mark A.; Erdman, Dean D.; Schneider, Eileen; Oberste, M. Steven; Neatherlin, John; Njuguna, Henry; Ondari, Daniel; Odero, Kennedy; Okoth, George; Olack, Beatrice; Wamola, Newton; Montgomery, Joel M.; Fields, Barry S.; Feikin, Daniel R.

doi:10.1186/s12879-015-0827-x

Cited by 73 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…This trend is also observed in studies where a higher prevalence of influenza was observed [19;21;23;38], and HRSV has been associated with the pathogenesis of asthma. More importantly, HRSV is the leading cause of child mortality caused by viruses [39].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in Mexico

et al. 2017

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BackgroundAcute respiratory infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although a viral aetiological agent is estimated to be involved in up to 80% of cases, the majority of these agents have never been specifically identified. Since 2009, diagnostic and surveillance efforts for influenza virus have been applied worldwide. However, insufficient epidemiological information is available for the many other respiratory viruses that can cause Acute respiratory infections.MethodsThis study evaluated the presence of 14 non-influenza respiratory viruses in 872 pharyngeal exudate samples using RT-qPCR. All samples met the operational definition of a probable case of an influenza-like illness or severe acute respiratory infection and had a previous negative result for influenza by RT-qPCR.ResultsThe presence of at least one non-influenza virus was observed in 312 samples (35.8%). The most frequent viruses were rhinovirus (RV; 33.0%), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV; 30.8%) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV; 10.6%). A total of 56 cases of co-infection (17.9%) caused by 2, 3, or 4 viruses were identified. Approximately 62.5% of all positive cases were in children under 9 years of age.ConclusionIn this study, we identified 13 non-influenza respiratory viruses that could occur in any season of the year. This study provides evidence for the prevalence and seasonality of a wide range of respiratory viruses that circulate in Mexico and constitute a risk for the population. Additionally, our data suggest that including these tests more widely in the diagnostic algorithm for influenza may reduce the use of unnecessary antibiotics, reduce the hospitalisation time, and enrich national epidemiological data with respect to the infections caused by these viruses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in Mexico

et al. 2017

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“…Unlike definitive respiratory pathogens like RSV and influenza, HAdV detections are often incidental, as demonstrated in controlled multiple‐pathogen studies . A recent etiologic study of SARI in children aged <5 years old living in a densely populated Kenyan slum that was conducted during a similar time period and using the same rRT‐PCR assay as this study, also found a high prevalence of HAdV among symptomatic cases (29.5%) . However, the authors also detected HAdV in 23.5% of matched asymptomatic controls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Reassessment of high prevalence human adenovirus detections among residents of two refugee centers in Kenya under surveillance for acute respiratory infections

Schneider

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) were previously detected at high prevalence by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (rRT‐PCR) in the upper respiratory tract of residents of two Kenyan refugee camps under surveillance for acute respiratory infection (ARI) between October 2006 and April 2008. We sought to confirm this finding and characterize the HAdVs detected. Of 2148 respiratory specimens originally tested, 511 (23.8%) screened positive for HAdV and 510 were available for retesting. Of these, 421 (82.4%) were confirmed positive by repeat rRT‐PCR or PCR and sequencing. Other respiratory viruses were codetected in 55.8% of confirmed HAdV‐positive specimens. Species B and C viruses predominated at 82.8%, and HAdV‐C1, ‐C2, and ‐B3 were the most commonly identified types. Species A, D, and F HAdVs, which are rarely associated with ARI, comprised the remainder. Viral loads were highest among species B HAdVs, particularly HAdV‐B3. Species C showed the widest range of viral loads, and species A, D, and F were most often present at low loads and more often with codetections. These findings suggest that many HAdV detections were incidental and not a primary cause of ARI among camp patients. Species/type, codetections, and viral load determinations may permit more accurate HAdV disease burden estimates in these populations.

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“…The inter‐rater agreement for study selection was high ( κ = 0.81). Finally, 66 full texts including 67 studies were included (one paper included two studies) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus infection in people with acute respiratory tract infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Kenmoe

Bigna

Well

et al. 2018

Influenza Resp Viruses

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AimThe epidemiology of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection has not yet been systematically investigated in Africa. This systematic review and meta‐analysis are to estimate the prevalence of HRSV infections in people with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in Africa.MethodWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, Africa Journal Online, and Global Index Medicus to identify observational studies published from January 1, 2000, to August 1, 2017. We used a random‐effects model to estimate the prevalence across studies. Heterogeneity (I 2) was assessed via the chi‐square test on Cochran's Q statistic. Review registration: PROSPERO CRD42017076352.ResultsA total of 67 studies (154 000 participants) were included. Sixty (90%), seven (10%), and no studies had low, moderate, and high risk of bias, respectively. The prevalence of HRSV infection varied widely (range 0.4%‐60.4%). The pooled prevalence was 14.6% (95% CI 13.0‐16.4, I 2 = 98.8%). The prevalence was higher in children (18.5%; 95% CI 15.8‐21.5) compared to adults (4.0%; 95% CI 2.2‐6.1) and in people with severe respiratory tract infections (17.9%; 95% CI 15.8‐20.1) compared to those with benign forms (9.4%; 95% CI 7.4‐11.5); P‐values <0.0001. The HRSV prevalence was not associated with sex, subregion in Africa, setting, altitude, latitude, longitude, and seasonality.ConclusionThis study suggests a high prevalence of HRSV in people with ARTI in Africa, particularly among children and people with severe clinical form. All innovative strategies to curb the burden should first focus on children which present the highest HRSV‐related burden.

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Severe acute respiratory infection in children in a densely populated urban slum in Kenya, 2007–2011

Cited by 73 publications

References 63 publications

Prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in Mexico

Prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in Mexico

Reassessment of high prevalence human adenovirus detections among residents of two refugee centers in Kenya under surveillance for acute respiratory infections

Prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus infection in people with acute respiratory tract infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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