Several methods to determine heavy metals in the human brain

Andrási, Erzsébet; Igaz, Sarolta; Szoboszlai, Norbert; Farkas, É.; Ajtony, Zsolt

doi:10.1016/s0584-8547(99)00039-7

Cited by 24 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…De fato, a exposição do homem a estes poluentes constitui sério risco à saúde pública, pois pode resultar em danos irreversíveis ao sistema nervoso central e no desenvolvimento de moléstias tais como hipertensão, anemia, câncer, leucemia, e em outras doenças degenerativas. 2,3 A agricultura intensiva também contribui para a disseminação de substâncias poluentes no ambiente aquático, pois se utiliza de substâncias tóxicas à saúde humana, os agrotóxicos, muitos dos quais são substâncias muito estáveis e que são apenas lentamente degradadas no ambiente. As águas destinadas ao consumo humano devem ser livres de substâncias tóxicas e também devem ter composição e características físico-químicas adequadas, as quais são definidas em normas específicas.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Estudo das interações entre o complexo polieletrolítico trimetilquitosana/carboximetilcelulose e Cu+2, ácido húmico e atrazina em solução aquosa

Filho¹,

Britto²

2009

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 3/7/08; aceito em 4/2/09; publicado na web em 3/7/09 STUDY OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEX TRIMETHYLCHITOSAN/ CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE AND Cu +2, HUMIC ACID AND ATRAZINE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION. The polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) resulting from the reaction of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and N,N,N-trimethylchitosan hydrochloride (TMQ) was prepared and then characterized by infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X rays analysis. The interactions involving the PEC and Cu 2+ ions, humic acid and atrazine in aqueous medium were studied. From the adsorption isotherms the maximum amount adsorbed (X max ) was determined as 61 mg Cu 2+ /g PEC, 171 mg humic acid/g PEC and 5 mg atrazine/g PEC. The results show that the CMC/TMQ complex has a high affinity for the studied species, indicating its potential application to remove them from aqueous media.Keywords: N,N,N-trimethylchitosan; carboxymethylcellulose; polyelectrolyte complex. INTRODUÇÃOAs reservas de água doce correspondem a apenas 0,8% do total existente no planeta (aproximadamente 1,36x10 18 m 3 ), e somente 3% destas reservas são águas superficiais, mais facilmente disponíveis para a exploração visando o abastecimento público.1 A distribuição destas reservas está muito distante de ser minimamente uniforme e sua concentração em umas poucas regiões do globo estabelece, e também acentua, grandes desigualdades e desequilíbrios em nível mundial. De fato, a água é considerada por muitos analistas como o mais importante bem material da humanidade no século XXI. Apesar de dispor de reservas limitadas de água, a civilização contemporânea não aplica critérios suficientemente restritivos e reguladores para o seu uso. Isto resulta, por um lado, em desperdício e facilita, por outro lado, a contaminação e a poluição de enormes volumes de água. A interferência do homem, gerando despejos domésticos e industriais, ocupando e usando o solo para atividades extrativistas, agrícolas e de mineração, é particularmente importante, pois contribui para a introdução de substâncias estranhas, e por vezes de elevada toxicidade, nos mananciais de água, comprometendo significativamente a sua qualidade, limitando e até impedindo a sua utilização. Os principais poluentes presentes na água, gerados pela interferência das atividades humanas, são os sólidos em suspensão, a matéria orgânica biodegradável, os nutrientes e organismos patogênicos provenientes, principalmente, do esgoto doméstico, a matéria orgânica lentamente biodegradável ou relativamente refratária à biodegradação, na forma de agrotóxicos, como herbicidas, inseticidas e pesticidas, e detergentes, os compostos inorgânicos hidrossolúveis e íons de metais pesados.O descarte de efluentes industriais contendo íons metálicos, especialmente aqueles dos denominados metais pesados, constitui grave ameaça a uma grande variedade de seres vivos, incluindo o homem, pois estes poluentes não são biodegradáveis, se acumulam nos tecidos vivos e têm, assim, a sua concentração aumentada ao longo da cadeia alime...

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Estudo das interações entre o complexo polieletrolítico trimetilquitosana/carboximetilcelulose e Cu+2, ácido húmico e atrazina em solução aquosa

Filho¹,

Britto²

2009

Quím. Nova

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“…In Rajan et al (1997), the highest Cu concentrations were determined in the cerebellum and midbrain, with the lowest levels in the pons and thalamus. Andrasi et al (1999) found the highest concentrations of Cu in SN, NR, and putamen, and the lowest in the genu corporis callosi.…”

Section: Coppermentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Rajan et al (1997) observed the highest Fe concentrations in the frontal, temporal, and parietal cerebrum, and the lowest in the medulla oblongata and pons. Andrasi et al (1999) determined Fe amounts in 20 sites of five control subjects (>65 years). The highest concentrations were found in the putamen, followed by GP, NC, and SN; the lowest concentrations were found in NR and gyrus cinguli.…”

Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metals Distribution and Regionalization in the Brain

Speziali¹,

Orvini²

2003

Metal Ions and Neurodegenerative Disorders

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A review of the literature on trace element levels in normal and diseased human brain is undertaken in an attempt to recognize possible distribution patterns of aluminum, iron, copper, and zinc. Trace element concentration changes are known to occur in brain areas of subjects affected with neurodegenerative diseases. We have considered the levels of the four metals in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Western Pacific Parkinsonism-dementia along with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. For each disease, we selected articles that consider well-defined brain sites for which the element values observed in controls were found to be significantly different from those determined in patients. For a more complete picture statistically not significant differences of the same element concentrations in the same regions, whenever available, were also taken into consideration.

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“…The enrichment of Pb in individual goat tissues may be impacted by the complicated toxicokinetics of Pb cycling between different physiological compartments such as bone, blood, and soft tissues (Barbosa et al, 2005), as well as individual elimination and accumulation capabilities (Andrási et al, 1999). In addition, Pb doses and schedules were variable throughout the adult life of these goats (from ages of approximately 3-12 years) to meet PT program needs.…”

Section: Study Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A small number of studies explored regional Pb distributions in rodents, but analysis focused on a limited number of brain regions (Widzowski and Cory-Slechta, 1994;Shukla and Chandra, 1987;Wang et al, 2007). Similarly, in human studies, because brain tissues are a precious commodity, frequently only small portions of material from select regions may be available for analysis (Andrási et al, 1990(Andrási et al, , 1995(Andrási et al, , 1999Grandjean, 1978;Rajan et al, 1997). To date, only one other apparent study examined distributions of Pb and other elements including vanadium, copper, iron, molybdenum, zinc, and aluminum in caprine brains (Igado et al, 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional Distribution and Accumulation of Lead in Caprine Brain Tissues Following a Long-Term Oral Dosing Regimen

Steuerwald

Blaisdell

Geraghty

et al. 2014

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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It is well known that the brain is a key target organ for lead (Pb)-induced toxicity, with exposure potentially resulting in numerous adverse neurological effects. However, information on the distribution and accumulation of Pb within different brain regions is scarce. In this study, Pb uptake and accumulation were characterized in brain and related tissues obtained from a convenience sample of goats dosed with Pb. Tissues were harvested postmortem from 10 animals (9 dosed and 1 undosed) that are used to produce blood Pb pools for the New York State Department of Health's Proficiency Testing program. Whole brains were subdivided into 14 distinct anatomical regions to explore interregional differences. Related tissues included the olfactory epithelium and spinal cord. Where sufficient tissue mass permitted, further subdivision into smaller sections was carried out to examine intraregional Pb variability. Determination of Pb content in these tissues was accomplished using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with accuracy assessed using reference materials certified for Pb. Lead content (dry weight) varied from <10 ng/g, that is, below the method detection limit, to as much as 4.45 × 10(4) ng/g Pb. Olfactory epithelium Pb content was several orders of magnitude greater than found in other regions analyzed. Enrichment of Pb was also observed in the olfactory bulb and choroid plexus. Data for each region analyzed were pooled from all goats to identify regions with the greatest propensity for Pb accumulation. Data related to Pb content were also assessed individually within each goat and significant differences in Pb content between regions were determined.

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Several methods to determine heavy metals in the human brain

Cited by 24 publications

References 9 publications

Estudo das interações entre o complexo polieletrolítico trimetilquitosana/carboximetilcelulose e Cu+2, ácido húmico e atrazina em solução aquosa

Estudo das interações entre o complexo polieletrolítico trimetilquitosana/carboximetilcelulose e Cu+2, ácido húmico e atrazina em solução aquosa

Metals Distribution and Regionalization in the Brain

Regional Distribution and Accumulation of Lead in Caprine Brain Tissues Following a Long-Term Oral Dosing Regimen

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