“…Among the electrochemical approaches, these include flexible wearable and point-of-care enzymatic amperometric sensors for dynamic changes of VC in sweat, tears, saliva, urine, or blood ( Sempionatto et al, 2020 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ). Similarly, electrochemical VD immunosensors were recently described based on electrodes modified with different nanomaterials ( Carlucci et al, 2013 ; Chauhan et al, 2018 ; Chauhan et al, 2019 ; Kaur et al, 2020 ; Sarkar et al, 2018 ), with only one study involving an assay of body fluid (serum) ( Kaur et al, 2020 ). The sophistication of transduction has limited the use of optical approaches for direct VD detection in biological fluids ( Prante et al, 2019 ; Di Meo et al, 2020 ), with only few examples described smartphone-assisted optical approaches applied solely in diluted ( Walter et al, 2020 ) or filtered serum samples ( Lee et al, 2014 ).…”