Seven <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium Outbreaks in Australia Linked by Trace-Back and Whole Genome Sequencing

Ford, Laura; Wang, Qinning; Stafford, Russell; Ressler, Kelly Anne; Norton, Sophie; Shadbolt, Craig; Hope, Kirsty; Franklin, Neil; Krsteski, Radomir; Carswell, Adrienne; Carter, Glen P.; Seemann, Torsten; Howard, Peter; Valcanis, Mary; Sotomayor-Castillo, Cristina; Bates, John; Glass, Kathryn; Williamson, Deborah A.; Sintchenko, Vitali; Howden, Benjamin P; Kirk, Martyn

doi:10.1089/fpd.2017.2353

Cited by 29 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…S. Typhimurium caused most (84%) of foodborne or suspected foodborne Salmonella spp. outbreaks in Australia, while S. Infantis was attributed to only 1% (8/778) of the reported outbreaks between 2001 and 2016 (Ford et al, 2018a). It appears that pathogenicity of Salmonella can vary between serotypes although this is not yet predictable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination in egg shells and contents from retail in Western Australia: Serovar diversity, multilocus sequence types, and phenotypic and genomic characterizations of antimicrobial resistance

Sodagari

Mohammed

Wang

et al. 2019

International Journal of Food Microbiology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…outbreaks between 2001 and 2016. Added to that, S. Typhimurium was the responsible serotype in 95% (226/238) of these outbreaks (Ford et al, 2018a). S. Typhimurium caused most (84%) of foodborne or suspected foodborne Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination in egg shells and contents from retail in Western Australia: Serovar diversity, multilocus sequence types, and phenotypic and genomic characterizations of antimicrobial resistance

Sodagari

Mohammed

Wang

et al. 2019

International Journal of Food Microbiology

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“…While there are state-based guidelines, there are no rules or restrictions on the use of raw eggs in ready-to-eat foods in Australia (Moffatt et al, 2016). As Australian states and territories have oversight of food safety regulation, some states have implemented control measures across the supply chain to try to reduce the burden of egg-related salmonellosis, including targeted communication and education for bakeries, mandatory training at retail level, industry food safety plans, and the vaccination of many laying flocks against S. Typhimurium (NSW Food Authority, 2007;Groves et al, 2016;Ford et al, 2018). Unlike in other countries where S. Enteritidis is more prevalent in eggs, S. Typhimurium caused most (84%) foodborne or suspected foodborne Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Outbreaks in Australia, 2001–2016

Ford

Moffatt

Fearnley

et al. 2018

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Salmonella enterica is an important cause of foodborne illness in Australia, regularly causing high-profile outbreaks involving commercially-available foods. We used the national register of foodborne outbreaks to review the transmission pathways, settings, serotypes, and food vehicles of Salmonella outbreaks in Australia between 2001 and 2016. We examined trends over time of implicated food vehicles in outbreaks where there was statistical, microbiological, or descriptive evidence. Of the 990 Salmonella outbreaks reported, 79% (778/990) were suspected or confirmed to have been transmitted through contaminated food. Of these, 61% (472/778) occurred in food premises and 84% (656/778) were caused by Salmonella Typhimurium. Eggs and egg-containing foods were the most frequently identified food vehicle. Outbreaks due to egg-based sauces and Vietnamese style sandwiches, which often contain pâté and raw egg butter, increased, while outbreaks due to poultry meat, beef, pork, other sandwiches, and other desserts had a decreasing trend from 2001 to 2016. Identifying food vehicles and the Salmonella serotypes causing outbreaks in Australia provides important evidence for food regulation strategies and control measures.

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“…Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin have been associated with systemic illness (4,5). Human outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin were reported in developed countries (10)(11)(12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of WGS-subtyping methods for epidemiological surveillance of foodborne salmonellosis.

Mohammed

Thapa

2020

Preprint

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Background: Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide. Although human infection by non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) enterica subspecies enterica is associated primarily with a self-limiting diarrhoeal illness, invasive bacterial infections (such as septicaemia, bacteraemia and meningitis) were also reported. Human outbreaks of NTS were reported in several countries all over the world including developing as well as high-income countries. Conventional laboratory methods such as pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) do not display adequate discrimination and have their limitations in epidemiological surveillance. It is therefore very crucial to use accurate, reliable and highly discriminative subtyping methods for epidemiological characterisation and outbreak investigation. Methods: Here, we used different whole genome sequence (WGS)-based subtyping methods for retrospective investigation of two different outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin that occurred in 2013 in UK and Ireland respectively. Results: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based cluster analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium genomes revealed well supported clades, that were concordant with epidemiologically defined outbreak and confirmed the source of outbreak is due to consumption of contaminated mayonnaise. SNP-analyses of Salmonella Dublin genomes confirmed the outbreak however the source of infection could not be determined. The core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) was discriminatory and separated the outbreak strains of Salmonella Dublin from the non-outbreak strains that were concordant with the epidemiological data however cgMLST could neither discriminate between the outbreak and non-outbreak strains of Salmonella Typhimurium nor confirm that contaminated mayonnaise is the source of infection, On the other hand, other WGS-based subtyping methods including multilocus sequence typing (MLST), ribosomal MLST (rMLST), whole genome MLST (wgMLST), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), prophage sequence profiling, antibiotic resistance profile and plasmid typing methods were less discriminatory and could not confirm the source of the outbreak. Conclusions: Foodborne salmonellosis is an important concern for public health therefore, it is crucial to use accurate, reliable and highly discriminative subtyping methods for epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigation. In this study, we showed that SNP-based analyses do not only have the ability to confirm the occurrence of the outbreak but also to provide definitive evidence of the source of the outbreak in real-time.

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Seven Salmonella Typhimurium Outbreaks in Australia Linked by Trace-Back and Whole Genome Sequencing

Cited by 29 publications

References 13 publications

Non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination in egg shells and contents from retail in Western Australia: Serovar diversity, multilocus sequence types, and phenotypic and genomic characterizations of antimicrobial resistance

Non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination in egg shells and contents from retail in Western Australia: Serovar diversity, multilocus sequence types, and phenotypic and genomic characterizations of antimicrobial resistance

The Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Outbreaks in Australia, 2001–2016

Evaluation of WGS-subtyping methods for epidemiological surveillance of foodborne salmonellosis.

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