Service‐Life Expectancy of Household Appliances: New Estimates from the USDA

Ruffin, Marilyn Doss; Tippett, Katherine S.

doi:10.1177/1077727x7500300301

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The sample size for the 1972 data collection was somewhat smaller, however (approximately 12,000 households). The proportion of households discarding a specific appliance in 1972 ranged from 4 percent for freezers to 11 percent for televisions and ranges (Ruffin and Tippett, 1975). The division of these discards into subgroups would result in actuarial tables with data insufficient for reliable estimates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data used in the present analysis were the same as were used in the earlier study (Ruffin and Tippett, 1975 1972). The Bureau of the Census collected information on the ownership of seven major household appliances-ranges, refrigerators, washing machines, clothes dryers, food freezers, dishwashers, and televisions-and on the discards of these same items.…”

Section: Source Of Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data had to be standardized before they could be pooled since the average service life and the distribution of ages was different for each appliance. The ages were standardized by subtracting the service-life expectancy estimated by Ruffin and Tippett (1975) from the observed age and dividing by the standard deviation of the observed age.…”

Section: Standardizing and Pooling Of Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Standard errors were computed for the pooled estimates of the service life of new and used appliances for all households and also for each subgroup by using the procedure described in Ruffin and Tippett (1975). The standard error for each subgroup was expressed as a percentage of the service-life estimate for all households so that it might be added to the corresponding subgroup estimate to obtain confidence intervals.…”

Section: Computation Of Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Service Life of Appliances: Variations by Selected Characteristics of Owner Households

Tippett

Magrabi

Gray

1978

Home Economics Research Journal

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The objective of this study was to develop estimates of the service life under one owner of selected major appliances according to selected characteristics of owner households. Data from a national sample of approximately 12,000 households on ownership and discard of five selected appliances were standardized and pooled. Actuarial tables were constructed using the pooled data, and esti mates of service life were computed for households classified by income, age of head, and whether the household had moved in the 18 months prior to the survey. Differences among subgroups in the pooled service‐life estimates for appliances were generally not significant except for appliances acquired in a used condition by households classified by age of head and whether or not they had recently moved. The estimates of service life of appliances owned by younger families, and by families with higher incomes, were consistently shorter than estimated service life of appliances owned by all households surveyed or those owned by older families or those with lower incomes. The estimated service life of appliances owned by families that had moved within 18 months prior to the survey was considerably shorter than for all families or for families that had not moved.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Source Of Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Standardizing and Pooling Of Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Computation Of Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Service Life of Appliances: Variations by Selected Characteristics of Owner Households

Tippett

Magrabi

Gray

1978

Home Economics Research Journal

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“…For example, Cooper (1994) defines the service life as the product's total life in use from the point of sale to the point of discard. As Ruffin and Tippett (1975) mentioned, however, this term can be defined in several ways, and they propose that it is more useful for family economists to define the service life of an appliance under one owner. Therefore, we redefined all terms, as shown in the figure, with the most important being the following: • Age: When we label any time span as an "age," it is defined as the time span from the beginning of a product's life to the present (or the time of interest).…”

Section: Terminology: Definitions Of Lifespanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifespan of Commodities, Part I

Murakami

Oguchi

Tasaki

et al. 2010

J of Industrial Ecology

165

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Lifespan is an essential parameter for the accounting and analysis of material stocks and flows, one of the main research topics in industrial ecology. Lifespan is also important as a parameter that portrays the current and historical situation of industrial metabolism, which is an area of interest to industrial ecologists.In the present article, the available information from various reports on product lifespan was reviewed. Although we found a large number of data for many durables, the definition of lifespan in published articles varied, which limited our ability to compare reported values. We therefore first defined lifespan and then compared the international and historical data.We compiled more than 1,300 data sets from various sources and identified some differences among the types of goods and among regions. With the reviewed data noted in this article, we established a database, named LiVES (Lifespan Database for Vehicles, Equipment, and Structures), and will disclose it on the Internet to share the information.

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Long‐term forecasting with innovation diffusion models: The impact of replacement purchases

Kamakura

Ealasubramanian

1987

Journal of Forecasting

107

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The model presented in this paper integrates two distinct components of the demand for durable goods: adoptions and replacements. The adoption of a new product is modeled as an innovation diffusion process, using price and population as exogenous variables. Adopters are expected to eventually replace their old units of the product, with a probability which depends on the age of the owned unit, and other random factors such as overload, stylechanges etc.It is shown that the integration of adoption and replacement demand components in our model yields quality sales forecasts, not only under conditions where detailed data on replacement sales is available, but also when the forecaster's access is limited to total sales data and educated guesses on certain elements of the replacement process. KEY WORDS Long term forecasting Diffusion modelsDurable goods Sales forecasting Innovation diffusion models have been widely applied in the forecasting of demand for consumer durables, especially in the early years of the product's life. The most popular model in these applications is the one proposed by Bass (1969). This model assumes that the adoption of an innovation depends on a communication process: the new product is first adopted by a few innovators, who in turn generate word-of-mouth, influencing others to imitate. In recent years, several variants of this basic model have been proposed (Dodds, 1973; Sharif and Kabir 1976; Dodson and Muller, 1978; Easingwood, Mahajan and Muller, 1983) in order to obtain a more realistic representation of the adoption process. Nevertheless, as Heeler and Hustad (1980) point out, certain limitations of this modeling approach appear to persist. These authors studied a large number of innovations in several countries and their findings could not match the predictive validity results obtained in previous applications of the model in the U.S.A. One of the limitations of the model as a forecasting tool stems from the fact that i t provides forecasts of adoptions (first time buyers) only, while in general the forecaster's predictive focus centers on the total sales of the product (which include adoptions and replacement purchases). Long term sales forecasting with diffusion models is especially inappropriate, since adoption sales as a proportion of total sales progressively decreases with time. Industry statistics underscore this point emphatically (see Table 1).

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Service‐Life Expectancy of Household Appliances: New Estimates from the USDA

Cited by 16 publications

References 11 publications

Service Life of Appliances: Variations by Selected Characteristics of Owner Households

Service Life of Appliances: Variations by Selected Characteristics of Owner Households

Lifespan of Commodities, Part I

Long‐term forecasting with innovation diffusion models: The impact of replacement purchases

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