Serum Zinc Correlates with Parent- and Teacher- Rated Inattention in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Arnold, L. Eugene; Bozzolo, Hernan; Hollway, Jill A.; Cook, Amy Kyle; DiSilvestro, Robert A.; Bozzolo, Dawn R.; Crowl, Lindsay; Ramadan, Yaser; Williams, C.

doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.628

Cited by 110 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Arnold et al (1990) reported that 18 children with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition, revised (DSMIII-R) ADHD had 30% lower 24-hour urine zinc than 7 normal controls, suggesting either lower dietary intake or poorer absorption rather than zinc-wasting metabolism. In a companion paper (Arnold et al, 2005), we report on a negative correlation of serum zinc with parent-and teacher-rated inattentive symptoms (r = -45, p = 0.004). Bekaroglu et al (1996) concluded, " .…”

Section: Zinc In Adhdmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Zinc in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Arnold

DiSilvestro

2005

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

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128

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Objective:The aim of this study was to review the published evidence for a role of zinc nutrition in attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method:A computer literature search was supplemented by the authors' knowledge. Results:Numerous controlled studies report cross-sectional evidence of lower zinc tissue levels (serum, red cells, hair, urine, nails) in children who have ADHD, compared to normal controls and population norms. A few studies show correlations of zinc level with either clinical severity or a change thereof in response to stimulant or chemical challenge. Two placebo-controlled trials-one of zinc monotherapy, the other of zinc supplementation of methylphenidate-reported significant benefit. However, diagnostic procedures and sample representativeness were often not clear, and most such reports have come from countries and cultures with different diets and/or socioeconomic realities than are found in the United States (only one American sample in nine published reports). In particular, both positive clinical trials of zinc supplementation came from the Mid-East (Turkey and Iran), an area with suspected endemic zinc deficiency. The largest of these trials used zinc doses above the recommended upper tolerable limit and had a 2 in 3 dropout rate. Conclusion:It is not clear how well the accumulating evidence for a possible role of zinc in ADHD applies to middle-class American children. However, the evidence appears strong enough to warrant further controlled study in well-diagnosed samples representative of the socioeconomic spectrum. Hypothesistesting clinical trials are needed of this potential treatment that, if found effective, might become a relatively safe, cheap substitute for, or adjunct to, current treatments in some patients. At present, it should remain an investigational treatment.

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Section: Zinc In Adhdmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Specifically, of nine published samples, two were Polish, two Turkish, one Iranian, one Israeli, two English, and only one American, with an additional American sample being published in a companion article (Arnold et al, 2005). This also raises questions about how similar the diagnostic procedures were to U.S. practice.…”

Section: Cautions and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Arnold

DiSilvestro

2005

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

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128

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“…Most of these studies have focused on zinc and are consistent with the findings of our study. For example, a study by Arnold et al was conducted on 48 children and suggested that lower levels of zinc were associated with inattentiveness in children with ADHD (29). In another study in 2011, Arnold et al stated that taking zinc supplements alone would reduce ADHD symptoms in children (30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Methylphenidate Supplemented by Zinc, Calcium, and Magnesium for Treatment of ADHD Patients in the City of Zahedan

2016

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“…Hence, zinc deficiency in the brain would be expected to lead to the build-up of amyloid-β, a key factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Zinc deficiency has also been implicated in autism [225] and ADHD [226,227]. Zinc is released into the synapse along with the neurotransmitter glutamate, and it is required for memory function and the maintenance of synaptic health as we age [228].…”

Section: A Role For Zinc Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%