Serum Vitamin D Metabolites and CXCL10 Concentrations Associate With Survival in Dogs With Immune Mediated Disease

Abstract

Background: Low vitamin D increases the risk of immune-mediated disease (IMD) in human beings and rodent models. Vitamin D metabolites, particularly 1,25(OH)2D3, modulate gene expression of immune cells and may attenuate immune pathways that drive IMD. Hypothesis/objectives: Our primary hypothesis was that serum 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3, are reduced in patients with IMD and associate with poorer outcomes. We secondarily hypothesized serum 24,25(OH)2D3 would not be associated with disease or outcome. We also measured serum CXCL10 concentrations to determine if an increase occurs in dogs with IMD and in association with poorer survival. Animals: We enrolled dogs diagnosed with IMD ( n = 29) and healthy control dogs ( n = 9) in the study with informed client consent. Methods: Serum was collected and stored at −80°C until analyses. Serum vitamin D metabolites were measured by LC-MS/MS by an accredited laboratory. A commercially available canine-specific ELISA kit measured serum CXCL10. Results: Serum 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 were significantly reduced in dogs ( n = 25) with IMD. Serum CXCL10 concentrations undetectable in all controls, and were 30 times higher overall in IMD dogs ( n = 25; P = 0.004). CXL10 was, however, undetectable in 40% of dogs with IMD. Of the 60% of IMD dogs with increased CXCL10 concentrations, 5/25 had concentrations at the upper limit of quantification. The survival of those five dogs was significantly ( P = 0.049) shorter (72 days) than all other dogs with IMD with measured CXCL10 concentrations. The median survival time (MST) for dogs with 25(OH)D3 concentrations ≤ the median was 106 days, while dogs with concentrations of 25(OH)D3 > the median did not achieve an MST. Conclusions and clinical importance: Serum 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3, but not 24,25(OH)2D3 levels are reduced dogs with IMD. Vitamin D metabolites and CXCL10 may be useful prognostic markers and may be targets for adjunct therapy in canine IMD. These data support the future investigation of vitamin D analogs in the treatment of canine IMD.

Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration and infectious respiratory disease complex in shelter dogs

“…8 The primary circulating metabolite of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin (OH)D, has been established as a useful biomarker in dogs to predict outcome in various disease processes. [9][10][11][12][13] However, the role of vitamin D in shelter dogs with CIRDC remains unknown.…”

Vitamin D Binding Protein (VDBP) and Its Gene Polymorphisms—The Risk of Malignant Tumors and Other Diseases

“…A second mechanism might be the potential of macrophages to convert 25OHD3 to 1,25(OH)2D3. 25OHD3 can be converted into 1,25(OH)2D3 by macrophages or other cells that express 1α-hydroxylase [72,73]. A study that proved correlation of VDBP polymorphisms with lung cancer was conducted among Thai patients.…”

Vitamin D Metabolism and Profiling in Veterinary Species

“…No reference range exists for 3-epi-25(OH)D3 in humans, therefore data from a systemic review which reported ranges from several studies was used (see Bailey et al (2013) [ 79 ]). The number of studies included to provide data for each of the veterinary species are as follows: ( A ) dogs n = 8 [ 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 ], cats n = 1 [ 85 ], horses n = 1 [ 88 ], sheep n = 4 [ 30 , 89 , 90 , 91 ], cattle n = 2 [ 92 , 93 ], pigs n = 1 [ 94 ], poultry n = 2 [ 95 , 96 ] and nonhuman primates n = 2 [ 97 , 98 ]; ( B ) dogs n = 2 [ 81 , 85 ] and cats n = 1 [ 85 ]; and C . dogs n = 1 [ 83 ].…”