Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration and infectious respiratory disease complex in shelter dogs

Jaffey, Jared A.; Lappin, Michael R.; Ringold, Randy; Kreisler, Rachael; Bradley-Siemens, Nancy; Hawley, Jennifer; Sun, Andrew; Blakeman, Cody; Mayer, N.

doi:10.1111/jvim.16008

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…There is considerable controversy regarding the best means to assess and interpret autoagglutination in dogs, and when noted, whether a DAT could and should still be performed [ 3 , 4 , 6 , 20 ]. As expected, more DAT+ samples agglutinated than did DAT- samples in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the SAT is recommended by the ACVIM consensus statement [ 6 ], we had questioned its value in the past [ 1 , 5 ]. A recent study also suggested that a SAT using a 1:1 and 1:4 blood to phosphate-buffered saline dilution with microscopic evaluation was not a useful diagnostic test for IMHA in dogs [ 20 ]. However, the diagnostic accuracy of a 1:49 dilution SAT with microscopic evaluation was much higher, which was attributed to a reduction in non-specific agglutination as happens with saline washing of RBCs [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study also suggested that a SAT using a 1:1 and 1:4 blood to phosphate-buffered saline dilution with microscopic evaluation was not a useful diagnostic test for IMHA in dogs [ 20 ]. However, the diagnostic accuracy of a 1:49 dilution SAT with microscopic evaluation was much higher, which was attributed to a reduction in non-specific agglutination as happens with saline washing of RBCs [ 20 ]. We have previously advocated three saline washes to remove all potentially interfering plasma components and EDTA, as it is standard in human immunohematology [ 8 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While RBC washing is not required, this test was performed twice with a whole blood suspension (5 µL whole blood in 495 µL buffer solution) and with washed RBCs in separate minitubes containing the antiglobulin (RAD) in gel. The test results were graded as negative (-), 1+ , 2+ , 3+ , and 4+ , as described by the manufacturer and previous gel column and tube studies [ 3 , 13 , 15 , 20 ]. The neutral gel minitubes (Neutral gel test, Alvedia) were used as additional auto-controls beside the neutral gel column test (see below; both gels lacked incorporated antiglobulins), and results were negative.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, in a recent study of dogs suspected of having IMHA, only 20% were tested by DAT [ 19 ]. As such, a presumptive diagnosis of IMHA is frequently made without evidence of immune-mediated destruction of erythrocytes in anemic dogs [ 1 – 3 , 7 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative study of immunohematological tests with canine blood samples submitted for a direct antiglobulin (Coombs’) test

Idalan

Zeitz

Weber

et al. 2021

Canine Genet Epidemiol

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Background A 2019 ACVIM consensus statement on diagnostics for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in dogs made testing recommendations. As data on the performance of immunohematological tests was lacking, we undertook a comparative analysis. Material and methods Anticoagulated blood samples from 126 dogs suspected of having IMHA submitted to a diagnostic veterinary laboratory for a routine direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and from 28 healthy control dogs were evaluated for spherocytosis and autoagglutination before and after three saline washes. Samples were also subjected to different DATs: a gel minitube and an immunochromatographic strip kit used in clinics; neutral gel column cards, microtiter plates (at 4°, 22°, and 37°C), capillary tubes, and flow cytometry used in laboratories. Results Samples from healthy dogs yielded negative results with all immunodiagnostic tests. Among the 126 samples submitted for DAT 67 were positive by a DAT utilizing microtiter plates with goat anti-dog antiglobulin DAT at 22°C. Notably, DAT results were comparable and consistent across all evaluated methods regardless of antiglobulin and temperature used. DAT+ dogs were more severely anemic and more likely to have erythroid regeneration compared to DAT- dogs. Macroscopic agglutination in tubes or on slides was observed in 48 samples after 1:1 and 1:4 blood to saline dilution, but only persisted in four samples after washing. Among the DAT+ samples, 57% had agglutination, 87% had spherocytosis, and 45% had both. There was good correlation between spherocytosis and DAT results from the six DAT techniques, but the correlation with autoagglutination was only fair. Clinical follow-up was available for 42 dogs. Of the sample from 12 DAT+ dogs collected during treatment, 10 remained DAT+ when tested 1–24 weeks after initial assessment. Conclusions Based upon this comparative prospective survey, all in-clinic and laboratory DAT techniques produced similar results when performed by trained personnel and can therefore be recommended for detection of antibody-coated erythrocytes and immunohematological diagnosis. In addition, use of these tests for monitoring response of IMHA dogs to treatment might be valuable.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%