Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels and severity of symptoms in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD/hyperkinetic disorder HKD

Abstract

The serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in neuropsychiatric disorders of adults have been widely investigated. So far, no studies have been conducted on the relationship of MMP-9 and cognitive domains in children with two phenotype models, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder (ADHD/HKD). The aim of this research was to evaluate and test the hypothesis that serum MMP-9 levels are associated with the severity of symptoms in children with ADHD/HKD and to compare the results in two models of this disorder. The study group comprised 37 Caucasian boys aged 7–12 years with HKD, being a subset of the combined ADHD subtype. Intellectual functions were measured using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. The analysis of serum concentrations of MMP-9 was based on a quantitative sandwich ELISA. The statistical regression analysis revealed a correlation between increased serum MMP-9 levels and severity of symptoms in the ADHD (β = 0.33; p = 0.043) and HKD (β = 0.34, p = 0.037) model. According to the results, elevated levels of serum MMP-9 in boys with HKD may be associated with clinical impulsivity domain (β = 0.38; p = 0.019).

Altered serum level of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and its association with decision‐making in eating disorders

“…45 Both animal experiments and human studies have indicated that BDNF levels are affected by conditions that are described as disruptions in the control of impulses. 46,47 In addition, another article also reported that the serum level of MMP-9 may be associated with impulsivity, 48 which would be consistent, though indirectly, with our findings.…”

How matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (rs3918242) polymorphism affects MMP-9 serum concentration and associates with autism spectrum disorders: A case-control study in Iranian population

“…A study on the northeastern population in China showed that the serum level of MMP-9 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was increased in tick-borne encephalitis. It has been suggested that there is a correlation between MMP-9 serum levels and the severity of symptoms in the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder (ADHD/HKD) (Kadziela-Olech, Cichocki, Chwiesko, Konstantynowicz, & Braszko, 2015). Increased concentration of MMP-9 in the serum of patients with cognitive impairment, independently of established conventional risk factors in the short-term phase of IS has also been reported (Zhong et al, 2018).…”

Waiting times for diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents referred to Italian ADHD centers must be reduced

“…Signs of improvement have been seen but the rate of progress is still not good enough [14]. Waiting time reduction initiatives should be considered to answer the question “wait time to what?”, with the aim that shortened waiting time should improve the quality of delivered care, obtaining better clinical outcomes that must be monitored [37].…”