Serum levels of inhibitory costimulatory molecules and correlations with levels of innate immune cytokines in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

Abstract

Objective To analyze serum levels of inhibitory costimulatory molecules and their correlations with innate immune cytokine levels in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Methods Data for 280 PTB patients and 280 healthy individuals were collected. Serum levels of immune molecules were measured using ELISA. Univariate, multivariate, subgroup, matrix correlation, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed. Results Host, environment, lifestyle, clinical features, and medical history all influenced PTB. Serum levels of soluble programmed death ligand 1 (sPD-L1), soluble T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain–containing molecule 3 (sTim-3), soluble galectin-9 (sGal-9), interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-33 were significantly higher in patients with PTB, while levels of IL-12, IL-23, IL-18, and interferon (IFN)-γ were significantly lower. Serum levels of sTim-3 were higher in alcohol users. Levels of sTim-3 were negatively correlated with those of IL-12. Levels of IL-12, IL-23, and IL-18 were positively correlated with those of IFN-γ, while levels of IL-12 were negatively correlated with those of IL-4. The areas under the curve of sPD-L1, sTim-3, sGal-9, IL-12, IL-23, IL-18, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-33 for identifying PTB were all >0.77. Conclusions Inhibitory costimulatory molecules may be targets for controlling PTB. Immune molecules may be helpful for diagnosis of PTB.

Inflammasome genetic variants are associated with tuberculosis, HIV-1 infection, and TB/HIV-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome outcomes

“…The role of this cytokine in HIV-1 infection and TB has already been described ( Xuan et al., 2014 ; Wu et al., 2018 ), which shows potential therapeutic effects on established MTB infections, which might represent a novel therapy for PTB ( Piñeros et al., 2017 ). Zhao et al., 2021 showed that the plasma IL-33 levels were significantly higher in individuals with PTB than in healthy individuals ( Zhao et al., 2021 ).…”

Interleukin-4 expression is increased in patients with tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…In total, 33 articles were included, including three in Chinese [21–23] and 30 in English. [9,11,12,14,24–49] The literature retrieval process is illustrated in Figure 1.…”

“…Among the 33 articles included, [9,11,12,14,21–49] 51 studies were included, comprising 2379 patients with TB and 1391 healthy adults, including 2113 patients with pulmonary TB, 266 with extrapulmonary TB, 25 with multidrug-resistant TB, 2000 with active TB, and 379 with latent TB. Tables 1 and 2 provide basic information about the included studies.…”

“…[28,29,37] The results showed that there was no significant difference between the levels of IL-4 in patients with drug-susceptible TB and the healthy control group (SMD = 0.762, [95% CI, −0.778 to 2.302], I 2 = 94%, P = .332). In addition, 29 studies [9,11,12,14,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]38,39] did not strictly distinguish whether the enrolled population was drug-resistant. These were classified as mixed-group studies.…”

“…Twenty-four studies were casecontrol studies. [9,11,12,14,[21][22][23][24][26][27][28][29]32,33,35,37,38] The results disclosed that the serum IL-4 level of individuals with TB was greater than that of the healthy control group (SMD = 0.906, [95% CI, 0.272-1.540], I 2 = 97.5%, P = .005); The 4 studies were cross-sectional studies. [31,34,39] The results were similar to the aforementioned findings, with increased serum IL-4 levels in diseased individuals (SMD = 0.527, [95% CI, 0.215-0.839], I 2 = 41.4%, P = .001).…”