Serum level of high sensitive C-reactive protein and IL − 6 markers in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia in Ethiopia: a comparative study

Challa, Feyissa; Seifu, Daniel; Sileshi, Meron; Getahun, Tigist; Geto, Zeleke; Kassa, Desta; Alemayehu, Melkam; Mesfin, Miraf; Fekadu, Abebaw; Woldeamanuel, Yimtubezinash

doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03443-4

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…In 1998, Lin et al found that serum IL-6 levels in TRS were significantly higher than in healthy controls [ 4 ]. This finding was also supported by subsequent studies [ 8 , 17 – 21 ]. While the differences in IL-6 levels between TRS and treatment-responsive schizophrenia were not significant in some of these studies [ 4 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Sex differences in the association of treatment-resistant schizophrenia and serum interleukin-6 levels

Wei

et al. 2023

BMC Psychiatry

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Background Low-grade inflammation and altered inflammatory markers have been observed in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines linked with TRS and receives increasing attention. Previous studies showed that patients with TRS might have higher IL-6 levels compared with healthy individuals and treatment-responsive patients. Besides, emerging evidence has suggested that there are sex differences in the associations between IL-6 levels and various illnesses, including chronic hepatitis C, metabolic syndrome, etc.; however, there is limited study on TRS. In this present study, we aimed to compare the serum IL-6 levels of TRS and partially responsive schizophrenia (PRS) and explore potential sex differences in the association of TRS and IL-6 levels. Methods The study population consisted of a total of 90 patients with schizophrenia: 64 TRS patients (45.3% males and 54.7% females) and 26 PRS patients (46.2% males and 53.8% females). We measured serum IL-6 levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and analyzed them separately by gender, controlling for confounders (age, education, medication, body mass index, and PANSS scores) rigorously. Result The results showed that patients with TRS had higher serum IL-6 levels than patients with PRS (p = 0.002). In females, IL-6 levels increased significantly in the TRS group compared with the PRS group (p = 0.005). And a positive correlation tendency was observed between IL-6 levels and PANSS general sub-scores (r = 0.31, p = 0.039), although this correlation was not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Whereas, there were no differences in IL-6 levels between the TRS and PRS (p = 0.124) in males. Conclusion Our findings provided evidence supporting the hypothesis that the inflammatory response system (IRS) may play a role in the pathogenesis of TRS in a sex-dependent manner. In addition, sex differences in the immune dysfunction of individuals with schizophrenia cannot be neglected, and inflammation in male and female TRS should be discussed separately.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Sex differences in the association of treatment-resistant schizophrenia and serum interleukin-6 levels

Wei

et al. 2023

BMC Psychiatry

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“…In 1998, Lin et al found that serum IL-6 levels in TRS were significantly higher than in healthy controls [4]. This finding was also supported by subsequent studies [8,[17][18][19][20][21]. While the differences in IL-6 levels between TRS and treatment-responsive schizophrenia were not significant in some of these studies [4,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Sex differences in the association of treatment-resistant schizophrenia and serum interleukin-6 levels

Wei

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background Low-grade inflammation and altered inflammatory markers have been observed in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the proinflammatory cytokines linked with TRS and receives increasing attention. Previous studies showed that patients with TRS might have higher IL-6 levels compared with healthy individuals and treatment-responsive patients. Besides, emerging evidence has suggested that there are sex differences in the associations between IL-6 levels and various illnesses, including chronic hepatitis C, metabolic syndrome, etc.; however, there is limited study on TRS. In this present study, we aimed to compare the serum IL6 levels of TRS and partially responsive schizophrenia (PRS) and explore potential sex differences in the association of TRS and IL-6 levels. Methods The study population consisted of a total of 90 patients with schizophrenia: 64 TRS patients (45.3% males and 54.7% females) and 26 PRS patients (46.2% males and 53.8% females). We measured serum IL-6 levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and analyzed them separately by sex, controlling for confounders (age, education, medication, body mass index, and PANSS scores) rigorously. Result The results showed that IL-6 levels increased significantly in the TRS group compared with the PRS group (p = 0.005), and a positive correlation tendency was observed between IL-6 levels and PANSS total scores (r = 0.27, p = 0.070) in all the females. In males, there were no differences in IL-6 levels between the TRS and PRS (p = 0.124). Conclusion Our findings provided evidence supporting the hypothesis that the inflammatory response system (IRS) may play a role in the pathogenesis of TRS in a sex-dependent manner. In addition, sex differences in the immune dysfunction of individuals with schizophrenia cannot be neglected, and inflammation in male and female TRS should be discussed separately.

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“…23 Patients with history of schizophrenia or depression were also excluded, as the standard therapy for these psychological disorders may also change serum biomarker levels. 24,25 In addition to TPE, the last decade has seen the development of early intervention in specialized ICU, rituximab therapy, N-acetylcysteine, and more recently, Caplacizumab, which lead to great improvements in the prognosis of patients with TTP. 2,[26][27][28] Except for Caplacizumab, which was not approved by SFDA, all subjects in our study received standard care for TTP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, we excluded those with severe hepatic or renal dysfunction, which may impact the level of serum biomarkers 23 . Patients with history of schizophrenia or depression were also excluded, as the standard therapy for these psychological disorders may also change serum biomarker levels 24,25 . In addition to TPE, the last decade has seen the development of early intervention in specialized ICU, rituximab therapy, N‐acetylcysteine, and more recently, Caplacizumab, which lead to great improvements in the prognosis of patients with TTP 2,26–28 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognostic value of dynamic cardiac biomarkers in patients with acquired refractory thrombocytopenic purpura: A retrospective study in Chinese population

Wang

et al. 2022

Clinical Laboratory Analysis

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Introduction: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is becoming a curable disease with the introduction of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). However, cardiovascular complications remain essential causes of mortality in patients with refractory TTP, while the association of cardiac biomarkers with the prognosis of TTP warrants further investigation.Methods: Patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University for refractory TTP from 2013 through 2020 were included in this retrospective study. Clinical characteristics were collected from electronic health records. Biomarker levels on admission and post TPE were recorded. Logistic regression was adopted to identify risk factors for mortality.Results: A total of 78 patients with refractory TTP were included in this study.Twenty-one patients died during hospitalization, with a mortality rate of 26.9%. Highsensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratios (AAR) were increased in deceased patients compared with the survival group.Multivariate analysis showed that AAR after TPE was associated with overall mortality (OR: 4.45, 95% CI 1. 09-18.19). The areas under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of AAR, hs-cTnT, and NT-proBNP for the association with mortality were 0.814, 0.840, and 0.829, respectively. Conclusion:Higher post-TPE cardiac biomarker levels are associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with refractory TTP. K E Y W O R D Saspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase ratio, cardiac biomarkers, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide, refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Serum level of high sensitive C-reactive protein and IL − 6 markers in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia in Ethiopia: a comparative study

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

Sex differences in the association of treatment-resistant schizophrenia and serum interleukin-6 levels

Sex differences in the association of treatment-resistant schizophrenia and serum interleukin-6 levels

Sex differences in the association of treatment-resistant schizophrenia and serum interleukin-6 levels

Prognostic value of dynamic cardiac biomarkers in patients with acquired refractory thrombocytopenic purpura: A retrospective study in Chinese population

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