Serum cytokine profiles of Khorasan veterans 23 years after sulfur mustard exposure

Riahi-Zanjani, Bamdad; Balali-Mood, Mahdi; Mousavi, Seyed-Reza; Karimi, Gholamreza; Sadeghi, Mahmood; Shirmast, Elham; Mahmoudi, Mahmoud

doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2014.07.248

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Serum cytokines profile of 43 veterans with disabilities due to SM poisoning; 23 years after their exposure revealed levels of ICAM-1 were higher, whereas serum IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α were lower than normal. However, measurement of other cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ were within the normal ranges and no abnormal findings were observed [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Current status of the acquired immune system of Iranian patients with long-term complications of sulfur mustard poisoning

et al. 2019

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Background Sulfur mustard (SM) is a powerful blistering chemical warfare agent that has genotoxic effects. Cells with excessive proliferation such as lymphocytes may inherit this cellular toxicity which can lead to their malfunctions in the long-term. This study was designed to evaluate the status of acquired immunity among SM poisoned veterans around three decades after exposure. Methods Thirty five male Iranian veterans having at least 25% disability due to SM poisoning with long-term complications in the respiratory system, skin or eyes were investigated. Non-functional/functional tests including hematological parameters, immunostaining analysis, lymphocyte proliferation assay, cytokine profile, and levels of total serum IgM, IgG and IgA were performed. Results The results showed that most of the parameters of adaptive immune system of the veterans were currently within the normal ranges. However, changes in the proliferation index (PI) of lymphocytes showed problems with the lymphocytes which cannot be proliferated appropriately. PI values for PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) in presence of PHA (Phytohemagglutinin-A) and LPS (lipopolysaccharide) mitogens were 1.16 ± 0.14 and 1.13 ± 0.07, respectively which are less than expected. Conclusions Based on the results gathered in this study, most of the parameters of acquired immunity were normal. However, the observed failure of lymphocyte functions may disrupt physiological activity of whole immune system leading to long-term complications; including recurrent respiratory tract infections. Indeed, further cellular and molecular studies with regard to lymphocytes function are required to better understand the status of adaptive immunity in these patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Current status of the acquired immune system of Iranian patients with long-term complications of sulfur mustard poisoning

et al. 2019

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“…This factor was thus noticeably decreased even in stable ML patients compared to healthy subjects in the study of Yaraee et al (Yaraee et al , 2009a ). In the study of Riahi-Zanjani et al (Riahi-Zanjani et al , 2014 ), the serum level of this factor was also significantly lower than in the control group. The rising serum level of TNF-α may be logically justified in the trend of occurrence of systemic inflammation in COPD patients since in most of the studies this factor was noticeably increased.…”

Section: Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (Tnfα)mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In this study, the patients were compared with healthy persons separately based on hospitalization and non-hospitalization. Concerning IL-8, in addition to the study of Pourfarzam (Pourfarzam et al , 2009b ), in another study by Riahi-Zanjani (Riahi-Zanjani et al , 2014 ) reduced serum level was observed where these variations have taken place, unlike what is seen in COPD patients. Finally, a new study done by Rahmani et al (Rahmani et al , 2017 ) reported the serum level of IL-6 to be significantly higher in ML patients and they designed this study in valuable inclusion and exclusion criteria to reach better results.…”

Section: Interleukins (Ils)mentioning

confidence: 84%

The systemic nature of mustard lung: Comparison with COPD patients

Shahriary

Ghanei

Rahmani

2017

Interdisciplinary Toxicology

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Sulphur mustard (SM) is a powerful blister-causing alkylating chemical warfare agent used by Iraqi forces against Iran. One of the known complications of mustard gas inhalation is mustard lung which is discussed as a phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this complication, there are clinical symptoms close to COPD with common etiologies, such as in smokers. Based on information gradually obtained by conducting the studies on mustard lung patients, systemic symptoms along with pulmonary disorders have attracted the attention of researchers. Changes in serum levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), interleukin (IL), chemokines, selectins, immunoglobulins, and signs of imbalance in oxidant-antioxidant system at serum level, present the systemic changes in these patients. In addition to these, reports of extra-pulmonary complications, such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease are also presented. In this study, the chance of developing the systemic nature of this lung disease have been followed on using the comparative study of changes in the mentioned markers in mustard lung and COPD patients at stable phases and the mechanisms of pathogenesis and phenomena, such as airway remodeling in these patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patients with certain immune dysfunction are susceptible to disseminated infectious diseases by agents which are not normally pathogenic. Immune disorders can occur via biochemical and cellular processes [7,8,13]. Late toxic effects of SM on different organs have been largely reported in the exposed individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immune System Status of Sulphur Mustard‐Poisoned Iranian Veterans Three Decades after Exposure

Riahi-Zanjani

Balali-Mood

Mahmoudi

et al. 2018

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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Sulphur mustard (SM) is an incapacitating chemical warfare agent which causes acute and chronic toxicities in different body organs of affected individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the innate immune status of the Iranian veterans who were exposed to SM around 30 years earlier and had more than 25% disabilities. In this regard, most functional and non-functional parameters of innate immunity were evaluated in 35 veterans. Phagocytic activity, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay and haemolytic complement activity (HCA) in addition to routine haematological parameters, serum protein electrophoresis, complements C3 and C4 levels were studied. Measures of haematological parameters, serum proteins, C3 and C4 were almost within the normal range. Functional experiments such as phagocytic activity, NBT reduction assay and HCA were normal as well. However, serum protein analysis revealed a fair decrease in percentages of α -globulin. Mean values of the parameters of innate immune system of the veterans three decades after SM poisoning were almost within the upper and lower normal limits. Reduced α -globulin - maybe subsequent to a chain of SM-induced genetic disorders - may have been the result of α -antitrypsin deficiency which may result in prevalent respiratory complications among these veterans. As a supplementary study, measurement of serum α -antitrypsin in SM-poisoned veterans could be beneficial. Further studies are required to prove this hypothesis. Further investigations on the evaluation of the acquired immunity parameters as the second line of defence may reveal a better understanding of SM veterans' immune system status.

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Serum cytokine profiles of Khorasan veterans 23 years after sulfur mustard exposure

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Current status of the acquired immune system of Iranian patients with long-term complications of sulfur mustard poisoning

Current status of the acquired immune system of Iranian patients with long-term complications of sulfur mustard poisoning

The systemic nature of mustard lung: Comparison with COPD patients

Innate Immune System Status of Sulphur Mustard‐Poisoned Iranian Veterans Three Decades after Exposure

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