Serum Branched Chain Amino Acids Are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Jordan

Abstract

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is a global public health problem that is caused by the lack of insulin secretion (type 1) or resistance to its action (type 2). A low insulin-to-glucagon ratio predicts an increase in the serum levels of branched chain amino acids, a feature confirmed in several populations. This relationship has not been assessed in Jordan. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between serum branched chain amino acids and type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients in Jordan.MethodsTwo hundred type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and an additional 200 non-diabetic controls were recruited. Age, body mass index, and waist circumference of the subjects were recorded. Branched chain amino acid, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured from the collected serum samples.ResultsSerum branched chain amino acid levels were significantly higher in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients than in non-diabetes individuals (P<0.0001). In binomial regression analysis, serum branched chain amino acid levels remained significantly associated with diabetes mellitus and increased its risk (odds ratio, 1.004; 95% confidence interval, 1.001–1.006; P=0.003).ConclusionType 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with higher branched chain amino acid levels in Jordan independent of age, sex, body mass index, waist circumference, and total serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels.

Association of Circulating Branched-Chain Amino Acids with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis

“…Dysregulation of plasma BCAAs was observed in multiple diseases, including GDM (16). Plasma BCAAs concentrations are different in different DM patients, which is useful to detect early DM (35), distinguish DM subtypes (16), and correlate with age, BMI, and ethnicity of patients (36, 37). The latest research suggests that normal or impaired glucose tolerance and T2DM groups have significant differences in BCAAs, and GDM has elevated plasma BCAAs (38).…”

“…The measurement values of BCAAs were significantly different between the GDM group and the control group, and these differences were not found in the BMI < 28 kg/m 2 group. Differently, the latest research manifested that serum BCAAs levels were significantly higher in T2DM than those in controls in Jordan independent of age and BMI (37). However, Roy et al’s study (17) yielded BCAA concentrations combined with BMI and age may improve the diagnostic ability accuracy of GDM.…”

Association of Adiponectin and rs1501299 of the ADIPOQ Gene with Prediabetes in Jordan

“…The power to detect the association between each allele and prediabetes was calculated using the Genetic Association Study (GAS) Power Calculator (). We assumed that the prevalence of prediabetes is 20% in Jordan [3]. In this study, the frequencies of alleles that were associated with higher risk of prediabetes were 0.35 (the T allele for rs1501299) and 0.79 (the A allele for rs266729).…”

“…The same study reported that 75% of DM patients live in countries of low-to-middle income, with the highest prevalence rates recorded in the Oceania and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions [2]. An increased life expectancy together with a sedentary lifestyle and a Western-based diet are thought to be responsible for a DM epidemic in Jordan; a developing country in the MENA region [3]. In Jordan, the prevalence of DM has increased from 13% to 17% over a 10-year period (1994–2014) [4].…”

Health Impact and Therapeutic Manipulation of the Gut Microbiome

“…This was attributed to the restoration of underrepresented bacterial groups and bacterial metabolites in the patients. Insulin resistance has been associated with high levels of serum branched-chain amino acids [114,115] and an increased population of gut microbes such as Prevotella copri and Bacteroides vulgatus, which are known branched-chain amino acid producers [116]. The gut microbiota of T2DM patients has also been characterized by reduced butyrate-producing bacteria and high levels of opportunistic pathogens [117].…”