Health Impact and Therapeutic Manipulation of the Gut Microbiome

Abstract

Recent advances in microbiome studies have revealed much information about how the gut virome, mycobiome, and gut bacteria influence health and disease. Over the years, many studies have reported associations between the gut microflora under different pathological conditions. However, information about the role of gut metabolites and the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota affect health and disease does not provide enough evidence. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing and metabolomics coupled with large, randomized clinical trials are helping scientists to understand whether gut dysbiosis precedes pathology or gut dysbiosis is secondary to pathology. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge on the impact of gut bacteria, virome, and mycobiome interactions with the host and how they could be manipulated to promote health.

Probiotic Effector Compounds: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

“…The human body is made of mammalian cells, archaea ( Kim et al, 2020 ), bacteria, viruses, and fungi co-existing in a symbiotic relationship ( Daliri et al, 2020 ). Although host microbes could vary from one person to another ( Brooks et al, 2018 ), recent studies have shown that all these microorganisms in the human body could have impacts on host health and disease ( Daliri et al, 2018 ; Reitmeier et al, 2020 ) and that probiotic consumption can significantly modulate the host microbiome ( Alcon-Giner et al, 2020 ).…”

Drug Targeting of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases by Biomolecules

“…Depending on disease severity, gut microbial metabolites could encourage the pathogenic Th2 production by human dendritic cells, to the detriment of tolerogenic Th1 cells. Intestinal microbes of IBD patients also have decreased tryptophan-derived indole derivatives, which are known to induce production of the pro-inflammatory IL-22 owing to a gut imbalance [ 45 ]. Bergmann et al showed that the uptake of tryptophan-metabolizing Lactobacillus species re-established IL-22 production within the gut and relieved its associated inflammatory status by producing IL-1β in the injured bowel and controlling the following IL-22 increase due to the activity of group 3 innate lymphoid cells.…”

“…Bergmann et al showed that the uptake of tryptophan-metabolizing Lactobacillus species re-established IL-22 production within the gut and relieved its associated inflammatory status by producing IL-1β in the injured bowel and controlling the following IL-22 increase due to the activity of group 3 innate lymphoid cells. The potential of Lactobacillus strains to diminish colitis suggests that their gut metabolites are involved in IBD [ 45 , 46 ]. Sokol et al also reported that F. prausnitzii can secrete metabolites that are able to block IL-8 production and NF-κB activation, as well as induce the production of IL-10 and limit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly IFN-γ and IL-12 [ 47 ].…”

“…AIEC can evade the immune system of the host and link to IECs while overpowering autophagy in IBD patients. This bacterium traverses the intestinal wall into the lamina propria, and is then overwhelmed by macrophages that secrete high levels of TNF-α and pursue Th1/Th17 differentiation without host cell death, gut inflammation and AIEC overgrowth [ 45 , 53 , 54 ]. Several virulence factors confer abilities to adhere, invade, survive, and replicate within host cells to AIEC.…”

Challenges and Perspective in Integrated Multi-Omics in Gut Microbiota Studies

“…The gut microbiota is very diverse and contains a large number of culturable and unculturable members which play critical roles in host health and disease. The members of the gut microbiota include archaea, bacteria, viruses, and fungi [ 1 ] and these organisms interact with each other and with the host. Metagenomic sequencing techniques have made it possible to study the microbial communities in the gut under different conditions and this helps to detect alterations that occur during disease conditions.…”