Serum and salivary adipokines in type 2 diabetes – Results of a pilot study in India

Vinitha, Ramachandran; Yogalakshmi, Raghuraman; Rajeswari, Anandhan; Snehalatha, Chamukuttan; Nair, Dhruv Rajesh; Susairaj, Priscilla; Satheesh, Krishnamoorthy; Nanditha, Arun; Raghavan, Arun; Arun, KV; Ramachandran, Ambady

doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102536

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…We observed that the group with periodontitis and diabetes had the highest salivary apelin level compared to other groups. A study by Vinitha et al reported similar findings and observed that salivary apelin levels were significantly higher (p=0.014) in T2DM 29 . Sarhat et al, in their study, reported similar findings with an increase in salivary apelin level along with other molecules like IL-17 and vaspin in diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) 30 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Evaluating Salivary Apelin Level among Chronic Periodontitis Patients, with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus utilizing Enzyme‑Linked Immunosorbent Assay: A Comparative Study

Hirani

Haq

Shetty

et al. 2023

Bangladesh J Med Sci

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Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder mainly due to a decrease in the immune system caused by periodontal pathogens. The relationship of apelin among chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been reported. This study intends to assess the level of apelin in saliva from patients of healthy individuals, individuals with CGP, and CGP + T2DM, and evaluate the role of apelin adipokine in inflammation and insulin resistance. New treatment modalities can be invented using apelin in host modulation therapies. Methods: The study comprised 300 patients that were enrolled according to their clinical findings and were divided into three groups chronic periodontitis (n=100), chronic periodontitis with T2DM (n=100), and healthy controls (n=100). Probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and salivary Apelin (AP) were obtained. With the help of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, the salivary apelin level was measured. A statistical software package was used for the surveying of collected data. Results: Group three[CGP+DM] shows the highest salivary apelin level compared to CGP patients without DM. It was 15.43±2.05ng/dl in CGP and 24.08 ± 3.60ng/dl in CGP with DM. All three groups found a statistically significant difference in mean Apelin Level, PPD, and CAL. Conclusion: This study indicated a possible role of adipokines in inflammation and glucose level regulation in patients with T2DM and CGP. In the coming era, apelin levels in saliva can be used for screening objectives in large populations to assure the risk of destructive periodontal disease. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 02 April’23 Page : 305-315

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Evaluating Salivary Apelin Level among Chronic Periodontitis Patients, with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus utilizing Enzyme‑Linked Immunosorbent Assay: A Comparative Study

Hirani

Haq

Shetty

et al. 2023

Bangladesh J Med Sci

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“…Adiponectin may also be secreted into the saliva with post‐translational modifications that are not recognised by the antibody used, as research in humans has indicated differences in the adiponectin isoforms present in saliva and serum 29 . It is also possible that salivary adiponectin concentrations are too low to be detected with the current assay, as salivary [adiponectin] is reported to be approximately 1000 times lower than in serum in both humans 30,31 and dogs 7 . Finally, the saliva collection method may also play a role in downstream detection of adiponectin, as differences have been reported between samples collected into a tube or using the Salivette® system in humans 30 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin, but not adiponectin, is detectable in equine saliva using an automated, commercial assay

Barnabé,

Elliott,

Harris

et al. 2023

Equine Veterinary Journal

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BackgroundThe hormones insulin and adiponectin are commonly measured in equids because of their involvement in endocrinopathic laminitis. These are currently measured in serum/plasma, although jugular venipuncture can cause stress in some animals and may be impossible in needle‐shy individuals. However, both hormones can be measured in saliva in other species.ObjectivesTo determine whether [insulin] and [total adiponectin] are detectable in equine saliva using automated assays and whether saliva collection is associated with changes in stress indicators. Additionally, the correlation between serum and salivary [insulin] was investigated.Study designIn vivo experiment.MethodsPaired blood and saliva samples were collected from eight adult ponies at multiple time‐points (n = 45 paired samples). [Insulin] and [total adiponectin] were measured using automated assays validated for equine serum/plasma. Blink rates and heart rates were determined, using video recordings and a wearable heart rate monitor respectively, to assess the effects of sample collection on stress indicators compared with a control situation without a stressful stimulus.Results[Total adiponectin] was undetectable in saliva. However, salivary [insulin] was measurable with acceptable inter‐assay (1.3 ± 0.9%) and intra‐assay (1.1 ± 0.6%) variability. Blink and heart rates during saliva collection did not differ significantly from those in the control setting. Serum and salivary [insulin] were not significantly correlated.Main limitationsSmall sample size comprising native UK ponies; potential sampling bias as animals were recruited to the study partly based on their behaviour during blood sampling; saliva collected from unfasted animals.ConclusionsInsulin is measurable in equine saliva using an automated assay currently available in the UK, but further validation and the determination of specific diagnostic thresholds are required. Saliva collection was not associated with changes in stress indicators. Further research is therefore needed to determine the potential of equine saliva as a non‐invasive alternative to blood for insulin determination.

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“…Adiponectin may also be secreted into the saliva with post-translational modifications that are not recognised by the antibody used, as research in humans has indicated differences in the adiponectin isoforms present in saliva and serum. 29 It is also possible that salivary adiponectin concentrations are too low to be detected with the current assay, as salivary [adiponectin] is reported to be approximately 1000 times lower than in serum in both humans 30,31 and dogs. 7 Finally, the saliva collection method may also play a role in downstream detection of adiponectin, as differences have been reported between samples collected into a tube or using the Salivette ® system in humans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-level impact of continuing professional development on Sri Lanka’s veterinary sector

Kinnison

Thuranira-McKeever

Kalupahana

et al. 2020

Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning

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Background: The hormones insulin and adiponectin are commonly measured in equids because of their involvement in endocrinopathic laminitis. These are currently measured in serum/plasma, although jugular venipuncture can cause stress in some animals and may be impossible in needle-shy individuals. However, both hormones can be measured in saliva in other species.Objectives: To determine whether [insulin] and [total adiponectin] are detectable in equine saliva using automated assays and whether saliva collection is associated with changes in stress indicators. Additionally, the correlation between serum and salivary[insulin] was investigated. Study design: In vivo experiment.Methods: Paired blood and saliva samples were collected from eight adult ponies at multiple time-points (n = 45 paired samples). [Insulin] and [total adiponectin] were measured using automated assays validated for equine serum/plasma. Blink rates and heart rates were determined, using video recordings and a wearable heart rate monitor respectively, to assess the effects of sample collection on stress indicators compared with a control situation without a stressful stimulus.Results: [Total adiponectin] was undetectable in saliva. However, salivary [insulin] was measurable with acceptable inter-assay (1.3 ± 0.9%) and intra-assay (1.1 ± 0.6%) variability. Blink and heart rates during saliva collection did not differ significantly from those in the control setting. Serum and salivary [insulin] were not significantly correlated.Main limitations: Small sample size comprising native UK ponies; potential sampling bias as animals were recruited to the study partly based on their behaviour during blood sampling; saliva collected from unfasted animals.Conclusions: Insulin is measurable in equine saliva using an automated assay currently available in the UK, but further validation and the determination of specific diagnostic thresholds are required. Saliva collection was not associated with changes in stress indicators. Further research is therefore needed to determine the potential of equine saliva as a non-invasive alternative to blood for insulin determination.

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Serum and salivary adipokines in type 2 diabetes – Results of a pilot study in India

Cited by 4 publications

References 37 publications

Evaluating Salivary Apelin Level among Chronic Periodontitis Patients, with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus utilizing Enzyme‑Linked Immunosorbent Assay: A Comparative Study

Evaluating Salivary Apelin Level among Chronic Periodontitis Patients, with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus utilizing Enzyme‑Linked Immunosorbent Assay: A Comparative Study

Insulin, but not adiponectin, is detectable in equine saliva using an automated, commercial assay

Multi-level impact of continuing professional development on Sri Lanka’s veterinary sector

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