Serum and Plasma Metabolomic Biomarkers for Lung Cancer

Abstract

In drug invention and early disease prediction of lung cancer, metabolomic biomarker detection is very important. Mortality rate can be decreased, if cancer is predicted at the earlier stage. Recent diagnostic techniques for lung cancer are not prognosis diagnostic techniques. However, if we know the name of the metabolites, whose intensity levels are considerably changing between cancer subject and control subject, then it will be easy to early diagnosis the disease as well as to discover the drug. Therefore, in this paper we have identified the influential plasma and serum blood sample metabolites for lung cancer and also identified the biomarkers that will be helpful for early disease prediction as well as for drug invention. To identify the influential metabolites, we considered a parametric and a nonparametric test namely student׳s t-test as parametric and Kruskal-Wallis test as non-parametric test. We also categorized the up-regulated and down-regulated metabolites by the heatmap plot and identified the biomarkers by support vector machine (SVM) classifier and pathway analysis. From our analysis, we got 27 influential (p-value<0.05) metabolites from plasma sample and 13 influential (p-value<0.05) metabolites from serum sample. According to the importance plot through SVM classifier, pathway analysis and correlation network analysis, we declared 4 metabolites (taurine, aspertic acid, glutamine and pyruvic acid) as plasma biomarker and 3 metabolites (aspartic acid, taurine and inosine) as serum biomarker.

Plasma Metabolomic Changes in Mice With Time-restricted Feeding-attenuated Spontaneous Metastasis of Lewis Lung Carcinoma

“…In fact, the HFD-fed mice have elevated glucose in the plasma (11). Our findings differ from human studies where lung cancer patients exhibited elevated blood levels of lactic acid when compared to healthy controls (31,32) and from in vitro studies where neoplastic cells produce high amounts of lactic acid (33). The elevation in lactic acid in cancer attributes to the Warburg Effect in which cancer cells predominantly produce their energy through a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid production (12,34).…”

“…The difference from the current study may be because we studied the early stage of metastasis, in which metastatic modules were analyzed in mm 2 in size (11). This certainly differs from studies with large tumor burden in terms of wasting and cancer metabolism (31,32). Furthermore, this downregulation of glycolysis in the presence of LLC seemed to be strong; TRF did not affect this shift in metabolism.…”

A High-Performing Plasma Metabolite Panel for Early-Stage Lung Cancer Detection

“…Indeed, it is now well established that cancer cells produce distinct chemical signatures that can be seen in tissues and biofluids [16]. As a result, a number of metabolite biomarkers that are specific to lung cancer have been discovered in a variety of biofluids, including serum/plasma, bronchial fluid, or sputum [17][18][19]. These biomarkers have frequently been discovered via metabolomics.…”

Metabolomics in chronic lung diseases

“…Cellular energetics is important for the maintenance of lung cell function under various pathophysiological conditions. Metabolic homeostasis is vital in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, and studies have shown that metabolic dysregulation contributes to various inflammatory responses and apoptosis . The catabolism of major nutrient substrates such as sugars, amino acids and fatty acids (FA) introduces acetyl‐CoA into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to produce metabolites for the synthesis of nucleotides, proteins and lipids, and most importantly to generate energy.…”

“…Towards the discovery of biomarkers and in the pursuit of improved disease characterization, metabolomics has been employed in lung diseases to study a large number of sample types including urine, plasma and serum, cerebrospinal fluid, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), saliva, intact tissue as well as cells and their extracts. Urine and blood are the most commonly used biofluids for metabolomic studies as both samples contain thousands of detectable metabolic features and can be collected using minimally invasive methods.…”