Angiogenesis, the process of new blood-vessel growth, plays an important role in normal physiological process.
1,2To date, angiogenin (ANG) is known to be a key factor in induction of angiogenesis by activation of endothelial and smooth muscle cells as well as by triggering a number of biological processes.3-5 It is also well known that the expression of ANG is up-regulated in various types of human cancers. 4,5 This indicates that there is an intimate relationship between the expression of ANG and tumor development. Therefore, it is important to develop a highly sensitive immunoassay technique for ANG. At present, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most widely used immunoassay method in detection of the presence of ANG.
6,7Here, the fluorescence detection using molecular labels is generally used in most of cases. However, the poor limit of detection, long assay time, and photo-bleaching effect often limit its potential applications.
8,9Recently, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection became a promising alternative to resolve the problems of fluorescence detection.10-12 The most popular platform for the SERS-based immunoassay is the detection of a sandwich immunocomplexes on a planar gold substrate.13,14 Here, the capture antibody is bound to a planar substrate, while the detection antibody-conjugated SERS nano tag is coupled to an antigen in the sandwiched format. In this case, however, due to slower kinetics of protein-protein interactions derived from binding restriction near the surface, the assay time consumed is relatively long. In addition, multiple washing steps to remove nonspecific binding proteins make the SERS-based assay on the two-dimensional gold substrate less convenient.To resolve these problems, we recently developed a new SERS-based assay protocol using SERS nano tags and magnetic beads.15-17 In this work, 1 ”m magnetic beads (Dynabeads Ÿ MyOne TM Carboxylic Acid, Invitrogen) were used as supporting substrate instead of two-dimensional gold substrate. This magnetic bead-based immunoassay overcomes the slow immunoreaction derived from the diffusion-limited kinetics on gold planar substrates caused by the high surface-tovolume ratio of the magnetic beads. Consequently, assay time is greatly reduced to less than 30 min including immunocomplex formation, washings and detection. In the present work, we explore the applicability of the SERS-based detection using hollow gold nanospheres (HGNs) SERS nano tags and magnetic beads for fast and ultrasensitive immunoassay of ANG. HGNs show reproducible and sensitive localized surface plasmon effects from individual particles because hot junctions can be localized on the pinholes of the particle surface. For the validation of this detection technique, the limit of detection (LOD) for the ANG marker will be compared with the result using ELISA. Figure 1 displays a schematic layout of the SERS-based sandwich immunoassay for ANG. HGNs and magnetic beads were used as SERS nano tags and supporting substrates, respectively. Antibody conj...