Serro 2 Virus Highlights the Fundamental Genomic and Biological Features of a Natural Vaccinia Virus Infecting Humans

Trindade, Giliane de Souza; Emerson, Ginny L.; Sammons, Scott; Frace, Michael; Govil, Dhwani; Mota, Bruno Eduardo Fernandes; Abrahão, Jônatas Santos; Assis, Felipe Lopes de; Olsen-Rasmussen, Melissa; Goldsmith, Cynthia S.; Yu, Li; Carroll, Darin S.; Fonseca, Flávio Guimarães da; Kroon, Erna Geessien; Damon, Inger K.

doi:10.3390/v8120328

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(137 reference statements)

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“…Since the isolation of the first presumably zoonotic VACV isolates in Brazil, two controversial hypotheses have arisen relating to BV outbreaks and the origin of VACV [ 15 , 17 , 75 , 78 ]. The first of these proposes that Brazilian vaccinia viruses (Br-VACV) originate from a vaccine strain, which could have escaped to the field.…”

Section: The Good: Uncovering the Eco-epidemiological And Evolutiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In natural VACV infections, the classical form of transmission is through direct contact between rural workers (milkers and farmers) and infected bovines, making BV an occupational zoonosis [ 34 , 78 , 91 ]. During the milking process, rural workers that handle infected dairy cows without adequate personal protective equipment (i.e., gloves) can easily be infected with VACV.…”

Section: The Bad: the Economic And Public Health Burden Associatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vaccinia Virus Natural Infections in Brazil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Oliveira

Figueiredo

Costa

et al. 2017

Viruses

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The orthopoxviruses (OPV) comprise several emerging viruses with great importance to human and veterinary medicine, including vaccinia virus (VACV), which causes outbreaks of bovine vaccinia (BV) in South America. Historically, VACV is the most comprehensively studied virus, however, its origin and natural hosts remain unknown. VACV was the primary component of the smallpox vaccine, largely used during the smallpox eradication campaign. After smallpox was declared eradicated, the vaccination that conferred immunity to OPV was discontinued, favoring a new contingent of susceptible individuals to OPV. VACV infections occur naturally after direct contact with infected dairy cattle, in recently vaccinated individuals, or through alternative routes of exposure. In Brazil, VACV outbreaks are frequently reported in rural areas, affecting mainly farm animals and humans. Recent studies have shown the role of wildlife in the VACV transmission chain, exploring the role of wild rodents as reservoirs that facilitate VACV spread throughout rural areas. Furthermore, VACV circulation in urban environments and the significance of this with respect to public health, have also been explored. In this review, we discuss the history, epidemiological, ecological and clinical aspects of natural VACV infections in Brazil, also highlighting alternative routes of VACV transmission, the factors involved in susceptibility to infection, and the natural history of the disease in humans and animals, and the potential for dissemination to urban environments.

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Section: The Good: Uncovering the Eco-epidemiological And Evolutiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Bad: the Economic And Public Health Burden Associatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccinia Virus Natural Infections in Brazil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Oliveira

Figueiredo

Costa

et al. 2017

Viruses

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“…Among the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV), the poxviruses are those with the widest host range, which are able to infect different groups of insects and vertebrates [ 25 ]. However, when we look specifically at each member of the Poxviridae family, the host spectrum is variable, wherein some viruses can infect a large range of hosts [ 25 , 26 , 27 ], while others are restricted to only one host species [ 3 , 28 , 29 ]. To have a clear view of the host range of poxviruses, we performed an extensive search to define the natural hosts for each member of the Poxviridae family, and we presented this relationship in a network graph.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar clinical signals are verified in other animals infected by these viruses. Cases of human infections by some poxviruses, such as VACV, CPXV, and MPXV, have been constantly reported [ 3 , 26 , 28 , 35 , 51 ]. Differently, skin lesions related to CMLV have only been observed during the last few years, which opens important questions regarding the expanding host range of this virus [ 52 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poxvirus Host Range Genes and Virus–Host Spectrum: A Critical Review

Oliveira

Rodrigues

Lima

et al. 2017

Viruses

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The Poxviridae family is comprised of double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV). Among the NCLDV, poxviruses exhibit the widest known host range, which is likely observed because this viral family has been more heavily investigated. However, relative to each member of the Poxviridae family, the spectrum of the host is variable, where certain viruses can infect a large range of hosts, while others are restricted to only one host species. It has been suggested that the variability in host spectrum among poxviruses is linked with the presence or absence of some host range genes. Would it be possible to extrapolate the restriction of viral replication in a specific cell lineage to an animal, a far more complex organism? In this study, we compare and discuss the relationship between the host range of poxvirus species and the abundance/diversity of host range genes. We analyzed the sequences of 38 previously identified and putative homologs of poxvirus host range genes, and updated these data with deposited sequences of new poxvirus genomes. Overall, the term host range genes might not be the most appropriate for these genes, since no correlation between them and the viruses’ host spectrum was observed, and a change in nomenclature should be considered. Finally, we analyzed the evolutionary history of these genes, and reaffirmed the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) for certain elements, as previously suggested. Considering the data presented in this study, it is not possible to associate the diversity of host range factors with the amount of hosts of known poxviruses, and this traditional nomenclature creates misunderstandings.

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“…Nevertheless, there is little information on a possible VACV 44 sylvatic cycle and on its natural reservoirs since the origin of VACV is still unknown and its natural 45 reservoir is still unidentified [13][14][15][16]. Given that VACV has a broad host range and that wild 46 animals might be implicated in its transmission chain, we decided to search for VACV circulation 47 in wildlife animals (rodents, marsupials, and bats) captured in pristine forest areas with the absence 48 or limited anthropogenic impacts of Northern Amazon forests.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%