Serotype I and II Feline Coronavirus Replication and Gene Expression Patterns of Feline Cells—Building a Better Understanding of Serotype I FIPV Biology

Cook, Steven; Castillo, Diego; Williams, Sonyia; Haake, Christine; Murphy, Brian G

doi:10.3390/v14071356

Cited by 8 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…The CTD of FIPV Spike-2 binds to fAPN during cellular entry, however, the principal FIPV-1 Spike receptor is not known (Dye et al, 2007; Hohdatsu et al, 1998; Tresnan et al, 1996). Recently, several Spike-1 receptors and attachment factors have been proposed, such as angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), respectively (Cook et al, 2022). Co-receptor and attachment factor binding for FIPV cannot be ruled out, as both lectins and carbohydrates, DC-SIGN and sialic acids, respectively, have been shown to interact with both Spike-1 and -2 (Cook et al, 2022; Desmarets et al, 2014; Regan et al, 2010; Regan & Whittaker, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, several Spike-1 receptors and attachment factors have been proposed, such as angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), respectively (Cook et al, 2022). Co-receptor and attachment factor binding for FIPV cannot be ruled out, as both lectins and carbohydrates, DC-SIGN and sialic acids, respectively, have been shown to interact with both Spike-1 and -2 (Cook et al, 2022; Desmarets et al, 2014; Regan et al, 2010; Regan & Whittaker, 2008). While CoV carbohydrate and proteinaceous receptor binding have been reported in the NTD and CTD respectively (Li, 2016), experimental studies will be necessary to confirm more precisely where in the FCoV Spike S1 subunit such binding may occur.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The amino (N)-terminal domain (NTD) and carboxy (C)-terminal domain (CTD) of S1 can both act as receptors binding sugar and proteins, respectively (Li, 2016). The main receptor for FCoV-2 is fAPN recognized by the CTD of S1 (Cook et al, 2022; Dye & Siddell, 2007; Tresnan et al, 1996); the main receptor for FCoV-1 remains unknown (Cook et al, 2022; Tekes et al, 2010). It has been demonstrated that the S1 of both serotypes (Spike-1 and Spike-2) can interact with dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) acting as a potential co-receptor (Cook et al, 2022; Regan & Whittaker, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main receptor for FCoV-2 is fAPN recognized by the CTD of S1 (Cook et al, 2022; Dye & Siddell, 2007; Tresnan et al, 1996); the main receptor for FCoV-1 remains unknown (Cook et al, 2022; Tekes et al, 2010). It has been demonstrated that the S1 of both serotypes (Spike-1 and Spike-2) can interact with dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) acting as a potential co-receptor (Cook et al, 2022; Regan & Whittaker, 2008). Following receptor recognition, but prior to membrane fusion, activation of the Spike protein is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural selection differences detected in key protein domains between non-pathogenic and pathogenic Feline Coronavirus phenotypes

Zehr

Pond

Millet

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Feline Coronaviruses (FCoVs) commonly cause mild enteric infections in felines worldwide (termed Feline Enteric Coronavirus [FECV]), with around 12% developing into deadly Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP; Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus [FIPV]). Genomic differences between FECV and FIPV have been reported, yet the putative genotypic basis of the highly pathogenic phenotype remains unclear. Here, we used state-of-the-art molecular evolutionary genetic statistical techniques to identify and compare differences in natural selection pressure between FECV and FIPV sequences, as well as to identify FIPV and FECV specific signals of positive selection. We analyzed full length FCoV protein coding genes thought to contain mutations associated with FIPV (Spike, ORF3abc, and ORF7ab). We identified two sites exhibiting differences in natural selection pressure between FECV and FIPV: one within the S1/S2 furin cleavage site, and the other within the fusion domain of Spike. We also found 15 sites subject to positive selection associated with FIPV within Spike, 11 of which have not previously been suggested as possibly relevant to FIP development. These sites fall within Spike protein subdomains that participate in host cell receptor interaction, immune evasion, tropism shifts, host cellular entry, and viral escape. There were 14 sites (12 novel) within Spike under positive selection associated with the FECV phenotype, almost exclusively within the S1/S2 furin cleavage site and adjacent C domain, along with a signal of relaxed selection in FIPV relative to FECV, suggesting that furin cleavage functionality may not be needed for FIPV. Positive selection inferred in ORF7b was associated with the FECV phenotype, and included 24 positively selected sites, while ORF7b had signals of relaxed selection in FIPV. We found evidence of positive selection in ORF3c in FCoV wide analyses, but no specific association with the FIPV or FECV phenotype. We hypothesize that some combination of mutations in FECV may contribute to FIP development, and that is unlikely to be one singular "switch" mutational event. This work expands our understanding of the complexities of FIP development and provides insights into how evolutionary forces may alter pathogenesis in coronavirus genomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Natural selection differences detected in key protein domains between non-pathogenic and pathogenic Feline Coronavirus phenotypes

Zehr

Pond

Millet

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The amino (N)-terminal domain (NTD) and carboxy (C)-terminal domain (CTD) of S1 can both act as receptors, binding sugar and proteins, respectively ( Li 2016 ). The main receptor for FCoV-2 is feline aminopeptidase N (fAPN) recognized by the CTD of S1 ( Tresnan, Levis, and Holmes 1996 ; Dye and Siddell 2007 ; Cook et al. 2022 ), but the main receptor for FCoV-1 remains unknown ( Tekes et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural selection differences detected in key protein domains between non-pathogenic and pathogenic feline coronavirus phenotypes

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Feline Coronaviruses (FCoVs) commonly cause mild enteric infections in felines worldwide (termed Feline Enteric Coronavirus [FECV]), with around 12% developing into deadly Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP; Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus [FIPV]). Genomic differences between FECV and FIPV have been reported, yet the putative genotypic basis of the highly pathogenic phenotype remains unclear. Here, we used state-of-the-art molecular evolutionary genetic statistical techniques to identify and compare differences in natural selection pressure between FECV and FIPV sequences, as well as to identify FIPV and FECV specific signals of positive selection. We analyzed full length FCoV protein coding genes thought to contain mutations associated with FIPV (Spike, ORF3abc, and ORF7ab). We identified two sites exhibiting differences in natural selection pressure between FECV and FIPV: one within the S1/S2 furin cleavage site, and the other within the fusion domain of Spike. We also found 15 sites subject to positive selection associated with FIPV within Spike, 11 of which have not previously been suggested as possibly relevant to FIP development. These sites fall within Spike protein subdomains that participate in host cell receptor interaction, immune evasion, tropism shifts, host cellular entry, and viral escape. There were 14 sites (12 novel) within Spike under positive selection associated with the FECV phenotype, almost exclusively within the S1/S2 furin cleavage site and adjacent C domain, along with a signal of relaxed selection in FIPV relative to FECV, suggesting that furin cleavage functionality may not be needed for FIPV. Positive selection inferred in ORF7b was associated with the FECV phenotype, and included 24 positively selected sites, while ORF7b had signals of relaxed selection in FIPV. We found evidence of positive selection in ORF3c in FCoV wide analyses, but no specific association with the FIPV or FECV phenotype. We hypothesize that some combination of mutations in FECV may contribute to FIP development, and that is unlikely to be one singular “switch” mutational event. This work expands our understanding of the complexities of FIP development and provides insights into how evolutionary forces may alter pathogenesis in coronavirus genomes.

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Rapid and efficient inactivation of viruses in seawater by LIG electrodes

Zhang,

Gu,

Liu

et al. 2023

Appl Water Sci

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Water-borne viral diseases are a significant concern for public health. In particular, they threaten the health of people and animals in countries that lack proper water treatment facilities. Novel water treatment technology may efficiently improve water quality and prevent the spread of waterborne viral pathogens. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has been shown to inactivate viruses and bacteria with its photothermal properties, electrochemical reaction, and rough surface texture. However, LIG's activity to prevent virus transmission via contaminated water has not been fully explored. Here, we demonstrated that enveloped and non-enveloped viruses in seawater could be rapidly inactivated by LIG technology. After being activated by 3 V of electricity, the LIG electrodes inactivated both types of viruses spiked in water within 30 min. In addition, the electrolyzed seawater exhibited virucidal effects even after the cessation of the electrical charge. The generation of different oxidants, such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide, may play an essential role in the antiviral mechanism of the LIG electrodes. Furthermore, after 10 min of electrolysis, the pH of the seawater dropped from approximately 8–5, which may also have contributed to the virucidal effects of the LIG technology. The virucidal activity of LIG technology highlighted its potential for preventing the spread of viral infections via seawater systems which may have public health implications in areas where seawater is used in the sewage system. It may also have applications in aquaculture, where viral diseases do not have treatments and can cause high fish mortality.

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Serotype I and II Feline Coronavirus Replication and Gene Expression Patterns of Feline Cells—Building a Better Understanding of Serotype I FIPV Biology

Cited by 8 publications

References 86 publications

Natural selection differences detected in key protein domains between non-pathogenic and pathogenic Feline Coronavirus phenotypes

Natural selection differences detected in key protein domains between non-pathogenic and pathogenic Feline Coronavirus phenotypes

Natural selection differences detected in key protein domains between non-pathogenic and pathogenic feline coronavirus phenotypes

Rapid and efficient inactivation of viruses in seawater by LIG electrodes

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