Rapid and efficient inactivation of viruses in seawater by LIG electrodes

Abstract

Water-borne viral diseases are a significant concern for public health. In particular, they threaten the health of people and animals in countries that lack proper water treatment facilities. Novel water treatment technology may efficiently improve water quality and prevent the spread of waterborne viral pathogens. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has been shown to inactivate viruses and bacteria with its photothermal properties, electrochemical reaction, and rough surface texture. However, LIG's activity to prevent virus transmission via contaminated water has not been fully explored. Here, we demonstrated that enveloped and non-enveloped viruses in seawater could be rapidly inactivated by LIG technology. After being activated by 3 V of electricity, the LIG electrodes inactivated both types of viruses spiked in water within 30 min. In addition, the electrolyzed seawater exhibited virucidal effects even after the cessation of the electrical charge. The generation of different oxidants, such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide, may play an essential role in the antiviral mechanism of the LIG electrodes. Furthermore, after 10 min of electrolysis, the pH of the seawater dropped from approximately 8–5, which may also have contributed to the virucidal effects of the LIG technology. The virucidal activity of LIG technology highlighted its potential for preventing the spread of viral infections via seawater systems which may have public health implications in areas where seawater is used in the sewage system. It may also have applications in aquaculture, where viral diseases do not have treatments and can cause high fish mortality.