Serotonin Regulates Rhythmic Whisking

Hattox, Alexis M.; Liu, Ying; Keller, Asaf

doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00391-x

Cited by 94 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…VMC also targets a variety of brainstem nuclei (Fig. 5), some of which may form the CPG for whisking [34]. Recently, we demonstrated, by lentivirus-based expression of GFP and GFP-tagged presynaptic proteins, the existence of monosynaptic VMC input to facial nucleus motoneurons ( Fig.…”

Section: Organization Of the Vibrissa Motor Cortexmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…e The autocorrelogram of interspike intervals of serotonin-evoked firing in the wFMNs shown in (C) shows that the cell is firing rhythmically at 5.2 Hz. Modified from [34] the mystacial pad and forms a sling around each follicle [25]. (i in Fig.…”

Section: Quantifying Whisker Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The persistence of whisking after removal of the entire cerebral cortex primed researchers to look for a subcortical whisking CPG. Thus, anatomical [36] and physiological/pharmacological [34] studies delineated brain stem circuits involved in the control of whisking. Brainstem neurons, including serotonergic cells that provide inputs to the whisking motor neurons in the facial nucleus, may form the brainstem pattern generator for whisking.…”

Section: Subcortical Control Of Whisker Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cellular mechanisms of motor control in the vibrissal system

Brecht

Grinevich

Jin

et al. 2006

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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In this article we discuss the experimental advantages that the vibrissal motor system offers for analysis of motor control and the specializations of this system related to the unique characteristics of whisker movements. Whisker movements are often rhythmic, fast, and bilateral. Movements of individual whiskers have simple characteristics, whereas, movements of the entire vibrissae array are complex and sophisticated. In the last few years, powerful methods for high precision tracking of whisker movements have become available. The whisker musculature is arranged to permit forward movements of individual whiskers and consists-depending on the species -mainly or exclusively of fast contracting, fast fatigable muscle fibers. Whisker motor neurons are located in the lateral facial nucleus and their cellular properties might contribute to the rhythmicity of whisking. Numerous structures provide input to the lateral facial nucleus, the most mysterious and important one being the putative central pattern generator (CPG). Although recent studies identified candidate structures for the CPG, the precise identity and the functional organization of this structure remains uncertain. The vibrissa motor cortex (VMC) is the largest motor representation in the rodent brain, and recent work has clarified its localization, subdivisions, cytoarchitectonics, and connectivity. Single-cell stimulation experiments in VMC allow determining the cellular basis of cortical motor control with unprecedented precision. The functional significance of whisker movements remains to be determined.

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Section: Organization Of the Vibrissa Motor Cortexmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Quantifying Whisker Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subcortical Control Of Whisker Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cellular mechanisms of motor control in the vibrissal system

Brecht

Grinevich

Jin

et al. 2006

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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show abstract

“…Moreover, the effect of whisking frequency on the pattern of muscle activity is of critical importance for characterizing the hypothetical central pattern generator(s) that underlie whisking (Welker, 1964;Semba and Komisaruk, 1984;Gao et al, 2001;Berg and Kleinfeld, 2003;Hattox et al, 2003;Cramer and Keller, 2006). Previously, m. nasolabialis was shown to activate at a constant phase lag with respect to the intrinsic muscles even as the frequency of whisking varied .…”

Section: Phase Lag Of Extrinsic Muscle Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanics of the Vibrissa Motor Plant in Rat: Rhythmic Whisking Consists of Triphasic Neuromuscular Activity

Hill¹,

Bermejo²,

Zeigler³

et al. 2008

J. Neurosci.

140

188

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The biomechanics of a motor plant constrain the behavioral strategies that an animal has available to extract information from its environment. We used the rat vibrissa system as a model for active sensing and determined the pattern of muscle activity that drives rhythmic exploratory whisking. Our approach made use of electromyography to measure the activation of all relevant muscles in both head-fixed and unrestrained rats and two-dimensional imaging to monitor the position of the vibrissae in head-fixed rats. Our essential finding is that the periodic motion of the vibrissae and mystacial pad during whisking results from three phases of muscle activity. First, the vibrissae are thrust forward as the rostral extrinsic muscle, musculus (m.) nasalis, contracts to pull the pad and initiate protraction. Second, late in protraction, the intrinsic muscles pivot the vibrissae farther forward. Third, retraction involves the cessation of m. nasalis and intrinsic muscle activity and the contraction of the caudal extrinsic muscles m. nasolabialis and m. maxillolabialis to pull the pad and the vibrissae backward. We developed a biomechanical model of the whisking motor plant that incorporates the measured muscular mechanics along with movement vectors observed from direct muscle stimulation in anesthetized rats. The results of simulations of the model quantify how the combination of extrinsic and intrinsic muscle activity leads to an enhanced range of vibrissa motion than would be available from the intrinsic muscles alone.

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“…In rats, the Pr5 relays sensory information from whiskers and other facial tactile sensors to the thalamus. The pneumotaxic neurons in Pr5 may potentially integrate this information with respiratory-related information and contribute to the reported synchronization of whisker movements with respiration (Welker, 1964;Hattox et al, 2003).…”

Section: Pneumotaxic Neurons Integrate Trigeminal Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytoarchitecture of Pneumotaxic Integration of Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Information in the Rat

Song¹,

Yu²,

Poon³

2006

J. Neurosci.

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The "pneumotaxic center" in the Kölliker-Fuse and medial parabrachial nuclei of dorsolateral pons (dl-pons) plays an important role in respiratory phase switching, modulation of respiratory reflex, and rhythmogenesis. Recent electrophysiological and neural tracing data implicate additional pneumotaxic nuclei in (and a broader role for) the dl-pons in integrating respiratory and nonrespiratory information. Here, we examined the cytoarchitecture of the greater pneumotaxic center and its integrating function by using combined extracellular recording and juxtacellular labeling of unit respiratory rhythmic neurons in dl-pons in urethane-anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed, and servo-ventilated adult Sprague Dawley rats. Perievent histogram analysis identified four major types of neuronal discharge patterns: inspiratory, expiratory (with three subdivisions), inspiratory-expiratory, and expiratory-inspiratory phase spanning, sometimes with mild tonic background activity. Most recorded neurons were localized in the Kölliker-Fuse and medial parabrachial nuclei, but some were also found in lateral parabrachial nucleus, intertrigeminal nucleus, principal trigeminal sensory nucleus, and supratrigeminal nucleus. The majority of labeled neurons had large and spatially extended dendritic trees that spanned several of these dl-pons subnuclei, often with terminal dendrites ending in the ventral spinocerebellar tract. The distal sections of the primary and higher-order dendrites exhibited rich varicosities, sometimes with dendritic spines. Axons of some labeled neurons were traced all the way to the ventrolateral pons (vl-pons). These findings extend and generalize the classical definition of the pneumotaxic center to include extensive somaticaxonal-dendritic integration of complex descending and ascending respiratory information as well as nociceptive and possibly musculoskeletal and trigeminal information in multiple dl-pons and vl-pons structures in the rat.

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Serotonin Regulates Rhythmic Whisking

Cited by 94 publications

References 63 publications

Cellular mechanisms of motor control in the vibrissal system

Cellular mechanisms of motor control in the vibrissal system

Biomechanics of the Vibrissa Motor Plant in Rat: Rhythmic Whisking Consists of Triphasic Neuromuscular Activity

Cytoarchitecture of Pneumotaxic Integration of Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Information in the Rat

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