Seroprevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 IgG in Juba, South Sudan, 20201

Wiens, Kirsten E.; Mawien, Pinyi Nyimol; Rumunu, John; Slater, Damien; Jones, Forrest K.; Moheed, Serina; Caflisch, Andrea; Bior, Bior K.; Jacob, Iboyi Amanya; Lako, Richard; Guyo, Argata Guracha; Olu, Olushayo Oluseun; Maleghemi, Sylvester; Baguma, Andrew; Hassen, Juma John; Baya, Sheila K.; Deng, Lul Lojok; Lessler, Justin; Demby, Maya N.; Sánchez, Vanessa; Mills, Rachel; Fraser, Clare; Charles, Richelle C.; Harris, Jason B.; Azman, Andrew S.; Wamala, Joseph F.

doi:10.3201/eid2706.210568

Cited by 41 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Individuals with mild or asymptomatic infections tend to have lower IgG responses, so sensitivity of the tests to detect asymptomatic infections is lower, which could lead to underestimating seroprevalence. On the other hand, ELISA tests have shown higher background reactivity in some sub-Saharan African populations, increasing false positive rates [ 30 , 31 ], which is speculated to be connected to unspecific immune responses from acute malaria. Therefore, future studies need to look into the validity of the test results in an Ethiopian setting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among individuals aged above 15 years and residing in congregate settings in Dire Dawa city administration, Ethiopia

et al. 2021

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Background Determining the extent of seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 antibody has the potential to guide prevention and control efforts. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among individuals aged above15 years and residing in the congregate settings of Dire Dawa city administration, Ethiopia. Method We analyzed COVID-19 seroprevalence data on 684 individuals from a community based cross-sectional survey conducted among individuals aged above 15 years and residing in congregate settings in Dire Dawa from June 15 to July 30, 2020. Data were collected using interview and blood sample collection. Participants were asked about demographic characteristics, COVID-19 symptoms, and their practice of preventive measures. Seroprevalence was determined using SARS-CoV-2 IgG test. Bivariate and multivariate multilevel mixed effects logistic regression model was fitted and statistical significance was set at p value < 0.05. Result The estimated SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 3.2% (95 % CI 2.0–4.8) in the study region with no differences by age and sex but considerable differences were observed by self-reported practice of COVID-19 preventive measures. The cluster effect is not significant (P = 0.396) which has suggested no evidence of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among the clusters. The odds of SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence were higher for individuals who were employed and work by moving from home to work area (AOR; 9.73 95% CI 2.51, 37.68), reported of not wearing facemasks when leaving home (AOR; 6.4 95% CI 2.30, 17.66) and did not practice physical distancing measures (AOR; 10 95% CI 3.01, 33.20) compared to their counterparts, respectively. Our estimated seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among participants who reported not to have practiced social distancing measures was 12.8 (95% CI, 7.0, 19) and 1.5 (95% CI, 0.5, 2.5) among those who reported of practicing them. More than 80% of study participants reported of implementing infection prevention measures (face masks and physical distancing recommendations). Conclusion The detected SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among the study participants was low at the time of the survey indicating higher proportion of population yet to be infected. COVID-19 preventive measures were associated with reduced seroprevalence and should be promoted to avoid transmission to the uninfected majority.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among individuals aged above 15 years and residing in congregate settings in Dire Dawa city administration, Ethiopia

et al. 2021

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“…Previous studies have shown significant temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the pattern of infections in Kenya, 2-6 but these studies had the limitation of not being population-based, instead relying on convenience samples of special population groups such as blood donors, 2,6 antenatal clinic (ANC) attendees, 5 truck drivers 4 and health care workers (HCW). 3 A similar situation obtains in many low and middle income countries (LMICs), with only a handful of published population based studies having been conducted in Africa, 7-11 which is home to over one billion people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in three Kenyan Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites, December 2020-May 2021

Etyang

Adetifa

Omore

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Importance Most of the studies that have informed the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya have relied on samples that are not representative of the general population. Objective To determine the cumulative incidence of infection with SARS-CoV-2, from a randomly selected sample of individuals normally resident at three Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSSs) in Kenya. Design This was a cross-sectional population-based serosurvey conducted at Kilifi HDSS, Nairobi Urban HDSS, and Manyatta HDSS in Kenya. We selected age-stratified samples at HDSSs in Kilifi, Kisumu and Nairobi, in Kenya. Blood samples were collected from participants between 01 Dec 2020 and 27 May 2021. Setting Kilifi HDSS comprises a predominantly rural population, Manyatta HDSS comprises a predominantly semi-urban population, while Nairobi Urban HDSS comprises an urban population. The total population under regular surveillance at the three sites is ~470,000. Exposure We tested for IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using ELISA. Locally validated assay sensitivity and specificity were 93% (95% CI 88-96%) and 99% (95% CI 98-99.5%), respectively. Main Outcome and Measures The primary outcome measure was cumulative incidence of infection with SARS-COV-2 virus as evidenced by seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2 whole spike protein. We adjusted our estimates using classical methods and Bayesian modelling to account for assay performance. We performed multivariable logistic regression to test associations between seropositivity and age category, time period and sex. Results We recruited 2,559 individuals from the three HDSS sites, median age (IQR) 27years (10-78) and 52% were female. Seroprevalence at all three sites rose steadily during the study period. In Kilifi, Kisumu and Nairobi, seroprevalences at the beginning of the study were 14.5 % (9.1-21), 36.0 (28.2-44.4) and 32.4 % (23.1-42.4) respectively; at the end they were 27.6 % (21.4-33.9), 42.0 % (34.7-50.0) and 50.2 % (39.7-61.1), respectively. In multivariable logistic regression models that adjusted for sex and period of sample collections, age category was strongly associated with seroprevalence (p<0.001), with the highest seroprevalences being observed in the 35-44 and ≥65 year age categories. Conclusion There has been substantial unobserved transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the general population in Kenya. There is wide variation in cumulative incidence by location and age category.

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“…Further studies will be required to determine whether the immunological responses detected here are correlated with protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection or disease. Additional challenges exist in conducting serosurveys in Africa [6,48,49]. This potential pre-existing immunity is currently not well enough understood to negate efforts at vaccine delivery, and as mentioned above, may be less protective against the Delta variant than initial SARS-CoV-2 variants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-Reactive Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Pre-COVID-19 Blood Samples from Sierra Leoneans

Borrega

Nelson

Koval

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 caseloads and fewer deaths than countries in other regions worldwide. Under-reporting of cases and a younger population could partly account for these differences, but pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses is another potential factor. Blood samples from Sierra Leonean Lassa fever and Ebola survivors and their contacts collected before the first reported COVID-19 cases were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the presence of antibodies binding to proteins of coronaviruses that infect humans. Results were compared to COVID-19 subjects and healthy blood donors from the United States. Prior to the pandemic, Sierra Leoneans had more frequent exposures than Americans to coronaviruses with epitopes that cross-react with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The percentage of Sierra Leoneans with antibodies reacting to seasonal coronaviruses was also higher than for American blood donors. Serological responses to coronaviruses by Sierra Leoneans did not differ by age or sex. Approximately a quarter of Sierra Leonian pre-pandemic blood samples had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, while about a third neutralized MERS-CoV pseudovirus. Prior exposures to coronaviruses that induce cross-protective immunity may contribute to reduced COVID-19 cases and deaths in Sierra Leone.

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Seroprevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 IgG in Juba, South Sudan, 20201

Cited by 41 publications

References 33 publications

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among individuals aged above 15 years and residing in congregate settings in Dire Dawa city administration, Ethiopia

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among individuals aged above 15 years and residing in congregate settings in Dire Dawa city administration, Ethiopia

SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in three Kenyan Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites, December 2020-May 2021

Cross-Reactive Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Pre-COVID-19 Blood Samples from Sierra Leoneans

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