Seroprevalence of<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>and<i>Leishmania mexicana</i>in Free‐Ranging Howler Monkeys in Southeastern<scp>M</scp>exico

Rovirosa-Hernández, María de Jesús; Cortés‐Ortiz, Liliana; García-Orduña, Francisco; Guzmán-Gómez, Daniel; López‐Monteon, Aracely; Caba, Mario; Ramos-Ligonio, Ángel

doi:10.1002/ajp.22094

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In the American continent, 52 (non-flying) mammal species have been found infected by different Leishmania species, eight of which have been reported in Mexico [ 5 , 26 – 30 ]. Usually, there is one principal reservoir host for a given Leishmania species in a particular focus, whereas other mammals in the same geographic area possibly play a lesser role in disease transmission and are therefore considered minor or incidental hosts [ 5 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania (L.) mexicana Infected Bats in Mexico: Novel Potential Reservoirs

et al. 2015

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Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, an endemic zoonosis affecting a growing number of patients in the southeastern states of Mexico. Some foci are found in shade-grown cocoa and coffee plantations, or near perennial forests that provide rich breeding grounds for the sand fly vectors, but also harbor a variety of bat species that live off the abundant fruits provided by these shade-giving trees. The close proximity between sand flies and bats makes their interaction feasible, yet bats infected with Leishmania (L.) mexicana have not been reported. Here we analyzed 420 bats from six states of Mexico that had reported patients with leishmaniasis. Tissues of bats, including skin, heart, liver and/or spleen were screened by PCR for Leishmania (L.) mexicana DNA. We found that 41 bats (9.77%), belonging to 13 species, showed positive PCR results in various tissues. The infected tissues showed no evidence of macroscopic lesions. Of the infected bats, 12 species were frugivorous, insectivorous or nectarivorous, and only one species was sanguivorous (Desmodus rotundus), and most of them belonged to the family Phyllostomidae. The eco-region where most of the infected bats were caught is the Gulf Coastal Plain of Chiapas and Tabasco. Through experimental infections of two Tadarida brasiliensis bats in captivity, we show that this species can harbor viable, infective Leishmania (L.) mexicana parasites that are capable of infecting BALB/c mice. We conclude that various species of bats belonging to the family Phyllostomidae are possible reservoir hosts for Leishmania (L.) mexicana, if it can be shown that such bats are infective for the sand fly vector. Further studies are needed to determine how these bats become infected, how long the parasite remains viable inside these potential hosts and whether they are infective to sand flies to fully evaluate their impact on disease epidemiology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania (L.) mexicana Infected Bats in Mexico: Novel Potential Reservoirs

et al. 2015

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“…The order Primates was less explored, and only indirect evidence of the infection was reported by serology (ELISA, IFAT and Western blot). A prevalence of 5-37.5% was found in two species of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliate and A. pigra) in Mexico [80].…”

Section: Wild Animals Infected With Leishmania Mexicanamentioning

confidence: 98%

A Systematic Review (1990–2021) of Wild Animals Infected with Zoonotic Leishmania

2021

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Leishmaniasis are neglected diseases caused by several species of Leishmania that affect humans and many domestic and wild animals with a worldwide distribution. The objectives of this review are to identify wild animals naturally infected with zoonotic Leishmania species as well as the organs infected, methods employed for detection and percentage of infection. A literature search starting from 1990 was performed following the PRISMA methodology and 161 reports were included. One hundred and eighty-nine species from ten orders (i.e., Carnivora, Chiroptera, Cingulata, Didelphimorphia, Diprotodontia, Lagomorpha, Eulipotyphla, Pilosa, Primates and Rodentia) were reported to be infected, and a few animals were classified only at the genus level. An exhaustive list of species; diagnostic techniques, including PCR targets; infected organs; number of animals explored and percentage of positives are presented. L. infantum infection was described in 98 wild species and L. (Viania) spp. in 52 wild animals, while L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L. major and L. tropica were described in fewer than 32 animals each. During the last decade, intense research revealed new hosts within Chiroptera and Lagomorpha. Carnivores and rodents were the most relevant hosts for L. infantum and L. (Viannia) spp., with some species showing lesions, although in most of the studies clinical signs were not reported.

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“…For example, T. cruzi was isolated in D. virginiana from Yucatan Peninsula, and was also detected by PCR in two procyonid hosts, P. lotor and N. narica , from Tabasco state (Ruiz-Piña and Cruz-Reyes, 2002; Martínez-Hernández et al ., 2014). Moreover, Trypanosoma antibodies were detected in Mexican howler monkeys, by ELISA and by IFAT, and in a grey fox population ( U. cinereoargenteus ), by ELISA, from southern and central Mexico, respectively (Rovirosa-Hernández et al ., 2013; Zamora-Ledesma et al ., 2016). With regards to Leishmania spp., L. mexicana was detected by PCR in 13 of 41 bat species ( Pteronotus personatus , Artibeus jamaicensis , A. lituratus , Dermanura phaeotis , Carollia sowelli , Choeroniscus godmani , Desmodus rotundus , Glossophaga commissarisi , G. soricina , Leptonycteris curasoae , Phyllostomus discolor , Sturnira lilium and S. ludovici ) from six states of Mexico, and antibodies were detected by ELISA also on the two previously mentioned howler monkey species and grey fox population (Rovirosa-Hernández et al ., 2013; Berzunza-Cruz et al ., 2015; Zamora-Ledesma et al ., 2016).…”

Section: Current Knowledge Of Parasites In Mexican Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

What do we know about parasites of wildlife in high biodiversity areas with anthropogenic disturbance? The special case of Mexico

Muñoz-García

Berriatua

Martínez‐Carrasco

2018

Anim. Health. Res. Rev.

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The continual rise of anthropogenic disturbance of ecosystems has been associated with an increasing incidence of emerging diseases. The largest amount of data on emerging diseases relates to bacterial and viral pathogens, but there is a lack of parasite data, especially from wildlife. Monitoring wildlife parasitic diseases should be considered a priority, especially in high biodiversity regions with strong anthropogenic impacts, like Mexico, where the wildlife/livestock/human interface is associated with increased risk of disease transmission. Mexico belongs to the top-ten megadiverse countries and is located between two biogeographic regions. This situation makes Mexico a favourable region for the spillover of animal pathogens to human beings, causing pandemics, such as the one recently caused by influenza virus A (H1N1). The current state of knowledge of Mexican wildlife parasites is scarce and focuses mainly in Neotropical fauna. Moreover, this knowledge is heterogeneous for different parasite groups, especially concerning their pathologic effects and epidemiology. The goals of this review are to compile information on Mexican wildlife parasites and to identify knowledge gaps in order to stimulate research on pending epidemiological, public health, ecological and pathological areas, and to encourage the creation of more specialized groups from the perspective of the One-Health concept.

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Seroprevalence ofTrypanosoma cruziandLeishmania mexicanain Free‐Ranging Howler Monkeys in SoutheasternMexico

Cited by 22 publications

References 58 publications

Leishmania (L.) mexicana Infected Bats in Mexico: Novel Potential Reservoirs

Leishmania (L.) mexicana Infected Bats in Mexico: Novel Potential Reservoirs

A Systematic Review (1990–2021) of Wild Animals Infected with Zoonotic Leishmania

What do we know about parasites of wildlife in high biodiversity areas with anthropogenic disturbance? The special case of Mexico

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