Seroprevalence and detection of H5N1 avian influenza virus in local chickens in Tabanan Regency, Bali, Indonesia

Abstract

Aim: Avian Influenza (AI) is a zoonotic disease that causes death in poultry and humans. Monitoring the virus needs to be carried out continuously to prevent outbreaks of the disease. Seroprevalence and detection of H5N1 and H9N2 AI virus antigen were intended to monitor the presence of viruses in local chickens in Tabanan, a Regency of the Indonesian island Province of Bali. The research aims were to detect the presence of H5N1 AI virus, and to know the distribution of this virus in Tabanan Regency. Materials and Methods: Research located in six districts of Tabanan regency namely Baturiti, Penebel, Marga, Kediri, Tabanan, and Kerambitan. A total of 1,398 local chickens that never been vaccinated with AI were randomly sampled in this study. The samples collected were serum, cloacal and tracheal swabs. Serum samples were tested with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. While samples of cloacal and tracheal swabs were isolated in 9-day-old germinated chicken eggs, followed by hemagglutination assay and RT-PCR test using H5N1 and H9N2 primers. Results: AI seroprevalence in local chickens in Tabanan Regency was 1% with the distribution in each district as follows; Penebel 1.6%, Kerambitan 1.2%, Marga 1%, while Tabanan, Kediri, and Baturiti 0.7% each. H5N1 AI virus was detected in 11 samples, i.e. five in Marga district and three in Penebel district, two in Kediri, and one in Tabanan, while the H9N2 AI virus was not detected. Conclusion: These results indicate that H5N1 AI virus may still circulate in local chickens in Tabanan Regency, Bali.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…According to titles and abstracts, 648 studies were excluded from the screening. In turn, screening by full-text left 33 studies with all eligibility criteria Table 1 [ [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] ]. The flowchart of the selection process is shown in Fig.…”

Identification of Avian Influenza with the Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT‒PCR) Method

“…Virus prevention efforts are significant to prevent the emergence of pandemics and endemic diseases in an area. In principle, the diagnosis of avian influenza virus is carried out by serological test methods, isolation, and virus identification (Hewajuli & Dharmayanti, 2014;Hewajuli et al, 2018;Kencana, Suartha, Kardena, & Agustina, 2021). One method to detect AI viruses effectively is the real-time polymerase chain reaction method (Handoyo & Rudiretna, 2000;Karo-karo et al, 2022).…”

“…One of the common diseases found and tested at the BBVet Denpasar biotechnology laboratory is avian influenza. The sample tested is divided into two groups based on the source, namely, active and passive samples (Kencana et al, 2021). Active samples come from the results of BBVet Denpasar's internal surveillance, which is given an A code on the delivery number; passive samples come from customers who send samples to detect the presence of viruses and are given a P code on the sample delivery number.…”

Avian Influenza H5N1 Isolate from Bali, its Safety and Potential as a New Vaccine Candidate

“…For many years, the avian influenza virus H5N1(AI-H5N1) has been considered as one of the most vital and fatal viral diseases in chicken, the so-called avian influenza (AI) (Kencana et al 2021). The principal causative agent of the disease is the AI virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family which has potential zoonotic importance (OIE 2018).…”