Serological response in mares affected by contagious equine metritis 1977

Benson, J. A.; Dawson, F. L. M.; Durrant, D. S.; Edwards, PT; Powell, D. G.

doi:10.1136/vr.102.13.277

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The outcome can range from overt disease of variable clinical severity to asymptomatic infection (Timoney 1978(Timoney , 1979. Unlike the stallion, mares infected with the bacterium develop a humoral antibody response that is usually moderately short-lived (Benson et al, 1978;Croxton-Smith et al, 1978;. There is no definitive evidence to support the view that horse mares are more susceptible to this infection than pony mares.…”

Section: Clinical Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Contagious equine metritis: An insidious threat to the horse breeding industry in the United States1

Timoney

2011

Journal of Animal Science

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Contagious equine metritis (CEM) has given rise to international concern since it was first recognized as a novel venereal disease of equids in 1977 and the etiologic agent was identified as a previously undescribed bacterium, Taylorella equigenitalis. Horse industry concerns over CEM centered on the ease with which this bacterium could be disseminated, the significance of T. equigenitalis as a cause of short-term infertility in the mare, and the existence of the carrier state in the stallion and the mare. The first known outbreak of CEM in the United States was in Kentucky in 1978. The economic impact on the Thoroughbred industry in the state was substantial. Before 2008, additional small-scale outbreaks occurred in Missouri in 1979, Kentucky in 1982, and Wisconsin in 2006, nearly all attributed to the importation of carrier animals. On each occasion, appropriate measures were taken to eliminate the infection, resulting in the United States regaining its CEM-free status. With the exception of the 1978 occurrence in Kentucky, none of the subsequent outbreaks significantly affected the horse industry. That changed dramatically in 2008, however, after the discovery of a Quarter horse stallion in Kentucky that cultured positive. Subsequent investigations turned up 23 carrier stallions and 5 carrier mares belonging to 11 breeds and located in 8 states. Shipment of infective semen and indirect venereal contact in stallion collection centers through the use of contaminated fomites were major factors in the spread of T. equigenitalis. Trace-back investigations of some 1,005 exposed and carrier stallions and mares in 48 states have failed to identify the origin of this latest CEM event. Neither clinical evidence of CEM nor decreased pregnancy rates were reportedly a feature in infected or exposed mares. In light of these findings, there was some question of whether or not the considerable expense incurred in investigating the latest CEM occurrence was warranted. Regaining CEM-free status for the United States will present considerable challenges.

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Section: Clinical Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Contagious equine metritis: An insidious threat to the horse breeding industry in the United States1

Timoney

2011

Journal of Animal Science

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“…For CEM regulatory animal health purposes, mares are serologically tested twice at least 7 days apart from 15 to 40 days postbreeding. 1,4,5,7 The CFT and the ELISA results were in excellent agreement during that time period, and the proposed ELISA cutoff values will enable clear distinctions between positive and negative sera to be made. The speed, simplicity, and clarity of the CEM ELISA should be noted in considering the ELISA as a good replacement procedure for the CFT currently used for CEM serodiagnosis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 58%

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Convenient Serodiagnosis of Contagious Equine Metritis in Mares

Katz

Geer

2001

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the serodiagnosis of contagious equine metritis (CEM), a sexually transmitted disease caused by Taylorella equigenitalis. Antigen preparation was simple, and antigens derived from both classical and atypical forms of T. equigenitalis enabled detection of antibody responses elicted in horses experimentally exposed to either form of the bacterium. Sera serially obtained from these horses from 0 to 63 days postexposure were tested by the traditional complement fixation test (CFT) for CEM and with the ELISA, using both antigens separately. There was close agreement between CFT and ELISA methodologies during the postexposure time period used to detect CEM serodiagnostically in regulatory animal health testing programs. Unlike the CFT, which requires an overnight incubation step, the ELISAs are more convenient and can be completed in 3 hours.Contagious equine metritis (CEM) is a sexually transmitted infectious infertility of equids caused by the bacterium Taylorella equigenitalis. 6,7 Although endemic in many nations, CEM was eliminated from the US equine population in the early 1980s through stringent preventive regulatory diagnostic testing of both imported and domestic horses prior to use in breeding. 6,7 Stallions may be persistently infected, but they rarely seroconvert; in contrast, mares rapidly but transiently seroconvert following infection and either fail to conceive or abort early. Because T. equigenitalis grows slowly and is difficult to consistently recover from both infected mares and infected stallions, serology in the mare is an essential tool for detecting, controlling, and preventing CEM epizootics in equine breeding populations. 6,7 Traditionally, the complement fixation test (CFT) has been used in the United States for the serodiagnosis of CEM infections. 2,5 The CFT requires, however, an overnight 4 C incubation, will not work reliably with previously frozen serum, and is frequently plagued by anticomplementary or spurious incomplete reactions that are difficult to interpret. 2,5 In the first years after the recognition of CEM as a disease entity, a number of other serological approaches were investigated, including passive hemagglutination, gel immunodiffusion, plate agglutination, and complex early enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodologies. 5 The simple and convenient ELISA described here can be completed in Ͻ3 hours, works equally well with fresh or previously frozen sera, and yields a well-defined differentiation between positive and negative serum samples.Antigens for the ELISA were prepared from separate 6-day-old Eugon a broth cultures of both classical T. equigenitalis and a recently discovered bacterium that very closely resembles T. equigenitalis but is still of uncertain taxonomic classification. 3 Bacteria centrifuged from both cultures were From the Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Depart...

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“…Consistent with results of previous studies of experimental CEM infections, results of our study indicated that all infected mares became clinically normal rapidly, although pathologic and serologic changes lingered for variable periods after clinical recovery. 7,8,13,14 Importantly, Taylorella sp were recovered throughout the entire 111-day experimental period from one of each pair of mares inoculated with the KY, ECMO, and GER isolates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical, bacteriologic, serologic, and pathologic features of infections with atypical Taylorella equigenitalis in mares

Katz

Evans²,

Hutto³

et al. 2000

javma

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Serological response in mares affected by contagious equine metritis 1977

Abstract: A serum agglutination and antiglobulin test is described for the detection of antibodies to the contagious equine metritis organism. A provisional interpretation of the test is proposed and using this interpretation the results of 66 such tests are discussed.

Cited by 14 publications

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HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Contagious equine metritis: An insidious threat to the horse breeding industry in the United States1

HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Contagious equine metritis: An insidious threat to the horse breeding industry in the United States1

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Convenient Serodiagnosis of Contagious Equine Metritis in Mares

Clinical, bacteriologic, serologic, and pathologic features of infections with atypical Taylorella equigenitalis in mares

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