Serological Evidence of Spirochaetal Infections Associated with Digital Dermatitis in Dairy Cattle

Demirkan, İbrahim; Walker, Richard L.; Murray, Richard D.; Blowey, Roger; Carter, S.D

doi:10.1053/tvjl.1998.0276

Cited by 62 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…41,2003 CHARACTERIZATION OF DIGITAL DERMATITIS SPIROCHETES 2527 moral and cellular responses to bovine T. phagedenis-like spirochetes. This supported previous studies that demonstrated humoral responses to T. phagedenis-like and also T. denticolalike spirochetes in cattle with PDD lesions (14,43). Interestingly, in these previous studies, a serum immunoglobulin G response was demonstrated to strain 2-1498 and immunoblotting showed that the predominant antigens were proteins of 34, 41, and 55 kDa, although some cows also produced antibody to LPS-like material (14,43).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Characterization of Treponema phagedenis -Like Spirochetes Isolated from Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis Lesions in Dairy Cattle

et al. 2003

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Four spirochete strains were isolated from papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) lesions in Iowa dairy cattle and compared with two previously described spirochete strains isolated from dairy cattle in California. These six strains shared an identical 16S ribosomal DNA sequence that was 98% similar to Treponema phagedenis and 99% similar to the uncultivated PDD spirochete sequence DDLK-4. The whole-cell protein profiles resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of these six strains were similar. However, these strains showed differences in the antigenic diversity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Genetic diversity was also detected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA digests, revealing differences among five of the six strains. Serum immunoglobulin G antibodies from dairy cattle with active PDD lesions reacted with the LPS of all but one PDD spirochete strain. Likewise, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle with active PDD lesions produced blastogenic responses to one of the two California isolates. Both antibody and lymphocyte blastogenic responses were reduced in convalescent dairy cattle, suggesting the immune response to these spirochetes has short duration. These results demonstrate genetic and antigenic diversity among T. phagedenis-like treponemes and provide further evidence for the involvement of these spirochetes in the pathogenesis of PDD.Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) is a leading cause of lameness in dairy cattle (23). This disease state is referred to by a variety of names including digital dermatitis, interdigital papillomatosis, hairy heelwart, and hairy footwart. PDD begins as a mild, superficial dermatitis which progresses to an erosive lesion. The tissue becomes granulated and can form a hyperkeratotic papillomatous lesion with long hair-like projections (3,29,30). These lesions usually form on the plantar surface, proximal to the bulb of the heel, or occasionally, within the interdigital cleft, and are thought to arise due to constant exposure to fecal slurry (2, 28).The first report of PDD was in 1974 in Europe (8), and the disease is now found with increasing frequency in most geographical regions of the world. In the United States, the disease was identified in 43% of 1,182 U.S. dairy herds surveyed in 1996 and 78% of these herds reported their first cases in 1993 or later. These data confirm a rapid spread of the disease (46), which may in part be due to changes in herd management (31,32,46).The etiology of PDD remains equivocal. Application of topical or parenteral antibiotics results in rapid resolution of the lesions, suggesting that PDD is caused by a bacterial infection. A mixed population of gram-negative bacteria, including anaerobes, microaerophilic organisms, and spirochetes have been demonstrated in or isolated from PDD lesions (4,26,29).Spirochetes are prevalent in PDD lesions and may be important in pathogenesis. Spirochetes are found deep within the epidermis, invading the stratum spinosum and dermal papillae (2,4,22,29)...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Despite much indirect evidence linking spirochetes with the etiology of PDD (2,11,14,28,29,44), the pathogenic capability of these organisms still remains to be established. A significant hindrance to progress is the difficulty many researchers have experienced in isolating spirochetes from PDD lesions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Treponema phagedenis -Like Spirochetes Isolated from Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis Lesions in Dairy Cattle

et al. 2003

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“…Treponema spp., which bear similar antigenic characteristics as B. burgdorferi (Blowey et al 1994) were identified as possible pathogens in cases of digital dermatitis (Walker et al 1995). Demirkan et al (1999) found significant cross-reacting epitopes shared by B. burgdorferi and Treponema spp. in cattle with digital dermatitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some epidemiological and epizootiological aspects of Lyme borreliosis in Slovakia with the emphasis on the problems of serological diagnostics

et al. 2008

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The paper analyses the results of serological examinations of domestic, farm and free-living animals from different regions of Slovakia, Southern Moravia, Southern Bohemia and Southern Poland using ELISA, indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) and Western blot (WB). In Slovakia, significantly higher seroprevalence was recorded in dogs (33.5%) than in horses (26.5%), cattle (22.5%), sheep (16.6%) and rodents (17.8%) by using a mixture of Borrelia garinii, B. afzelii, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) antigens in ELISA. Seroprevalence in horses was significantly higher than in sheep and rodents, and seroprevalence in cattle was significantly higher than in rodents. By using IHA in free-living species, the highest seropositivity rates were detected in fallow deer (40.7%) compared with moufflons (16.6%), pheasants (8.0%) and pigeons (1.2%). When testing sera of horses, dogs and cattle from Slovakia by using different Slovak B. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) isolates as antigens in ELISA, significantly higher seroprevalence of anti-Borrelia IgG antibodies and consistency of positive and negative findings was detected in comparison when American isolates were used. In WB analyses using the Eurocarpathian antigens, dog sera from Eastern Slovakia and Southern Moravia showed statistically insignificant differences in sensitivity and consistency of positive and negative findings. By using different methods and antigens in the same group of dog sera, significant differences in seroprevalence were only found in IHA with a mixture of Euroamerican B.b.s.l and WB CB26 B.b.s.s. In addition to other factors, the complexity of the standardization of the assay system with regard to the genetic and geographical heterogeneity of B. burgdorferi s.l. isolates used as antigens is also discussed.

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“…Still, the high number of invasive spirochetes observed suggests an active contribution of this group to DD pathogenesis (8,9,12,16,24,35). This hypothesis is further substantiated by the fact that serum samples from cattle infected with DD contain elevated levels of antibody to Treponema antigens (13,25,36). Also, it has been demonstrated that four Treponema strains previously isolated from DD-infected cows were able to induce abscess formation in mice (18).…”

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confidence: 91%

“…The disease was first described to occur in Italy in 1974 (7) and has since been found in many parts of the world, where it now constitutes a significant welfare and production problem (23,27). A bacterial etiology of DD is supported by the observation that cattle infected with DD respond to antibiotic treatment and that virus isolation from affected tissues has been unsuccessful (13). The disease appears to be polymicrobial; a variety of bacteria has been cultivated from DD lesions (19,32), and although spirochetes seem to be the predominating group, various rods and cocci can also be recognized in microscopic sections of DD specimens (10,39).…”

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Evidence of Multiple Treponema Phylotypes Involved in Bovine Digital Dermatitis as Shown by 16S rRNA Gene Analysis and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

et al. 2008

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The etiopathogenesis of the skin disease digital dermatitis (DD), an important cause of lameness in cattle, remains uncertain. Microscopically, the disease appears to be polymicrobial, with spirochetes as the predominant bacteria. The objective of this study was to identify the main part of the bacteria involved in DD lesions of cattle by using culture-independent molecular methods. Ten different phylotypes of Treponema were identified either by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of bacteria from DD lesions or by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using phylotype-specific 16S rRNA-directed oligonucleotide probes. Two phylotypes, phylotype 1 (PT1) and PT2, were not closely related to any characterized treponemal species. PT7 was 99.3% identical to Treponema denticola, while PT9 resembled T. vincentii by 96%. The remaining phylotypes, PT3, PT4, PT5, PT6, and PT8, and Treponema brennaborense had previously been isolated from DD lesions. Forty DD biopsy specimens were examined for Treponema by FISH. With one exception, all of the biopsy specimens revealed epidermotropic, intermingled infection with three or more different phylotypes (mean, 4.7). The most prevalent species were PT1 (95%), PT6 (93%), and PT3 (85%). While colonization by PT3 was confined to the surface of the epidermis, both PT1 and PT6 invaded deep into the stratum spinosum and were seen in ulcerated dermal papillae. In two cases, all 10 phylotypes were demonstrated. Furthermore, FISH with a Treponema group-specific probe showed that Treponema accounted for more than 90% of the total bacterial population in the biopsy specimens. These data strongly suggest that a group of apparently symbiotic Treponema species are involved as primary bacterial pathogens in DD.

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Serological Evidence of Spirochaetal Infections Associated with Digital Dermatitis in Dairy Cattle

Cited by 62 publications

References 18 publications

Characterization of Treponema phagedenis -Like Spirochetes Isolated from Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis Lesions in Dairy Cattle

Characterization of Treponema phagedenis -Like Spirochetes Isolated from Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis Lesions in Dairy Cattle

Some epidemiological and epizootiological aspects of Lyme borreliosis in Slovakia with the emphasis on the problems of serological diagnostics

Evidence of Multiple Treponema Phylotypes Involved in Bovine Digital Dermatitis as Shown by 16S rRNA Gene Analysis and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

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