Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is involved in the normal physiology of many immunocompetent organs, including lymphocytes of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens. Involvement of apoptosis has also been described in some viral diseases such as AIDS. The purpose of this work was to study the potential role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of Gumboro disease in the bursa of Fabricius. Our results show that 1-3 days after infection of young chickens with infectious bursal disease virus, the number of apoptotic cells increases and cellularity and proliferation decrease. Because of the dynamic nature of bursal lymphocyte populations and the involvement of apoptosis in lymphocyte cell physiology, the increased level of cells undergoing apoptosis may be due to an impairment in the withdrawal of apoptotic cells. A concomitant increase in macrophages in infected bursae and a dramatic decrease in cellularity suggest that an increase in apoptosis may be an important cause of cell depletion.
The paper analyses the results of serological examinations of domestic, farm and free-living animals from different regions of Slovakia, Southern Moravia, Southern Bohemia and Southern Poland using ELISA, indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) and Western blot (WB). In Slovakia, significantly higher seroprevalence was recorded in dogs (33.5%) than in horses (26.5%), cattle (22.5%), sheep (16.6%) and rodents (17.8%) by using a mixture of Borrelia garinii, B. afzelii, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) antigens in ELISA. Seroprevalence in horses was significantly higher than in sheep and rodents, and seroprevalence in cattle was significantly higher than in rodents. By using IHA in free-living species, the highest seropositivity rates were detected in fallow deer (40.7%) compared with moufflons (16.6%), pheasants (8.0%) and pigeons (1.2%). When testing sera of horses, dogs and cattle from Slovakia by using different Slovak B. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) isolates as antigens in ELISA, significantly higher seroprevalence of anti-Borrelia IgG antibodies and consistency of positive and negative findings was detected in comparison when American isolates were used. In WB analyses using the Eurocarpathian antigens, dog sera from Eastern Slovakia and Southern Moravia showed statistically insignificant differences in sensitivity and consistency of positive and negative findings. By using different methods and antigens in the same group of dog sera, significant differences in seroprevalence were only found in IHA with a mixture of Euroamerican B.b.s.l and WB CB26 B.b.s.s. In addition to other factors, the complexity of the standardization of the assay system with regard to the genetic and geographical heterogeneity of B. burgdorferi s.l. isolates used as antigens is also discussed.
Thymocytes were used as a model system to study the effect of microenvironmental pH changes on the radiation-induced apoptosis. We found that the sensitivity of thymocytes toward radiation induced apoptosis is increased by increasing the pH of the incubation medium. The major sensitivity change occurs between pH 7 and 8. In a given cell suspension the results obtained where similar when the apoptosis evaluation was carried out either by counting the picnotic nuclei, or monitoring the fraction of apoptotic nuclei by flow cytometry; both methods show a radiosensitization when the pH value of incubation media rises from 7 to 8. These results may be important when “in vitro” experiments are performed with lymphoid cells, since changes in pH of the media may determine important changes in the results.
Abstract:The aim of the present study was to compare the presence and topography of intra bursal adrenergic and ACHE-positive nerve structures in the bursa cloacalis of the chickens and pheasants from hatching until 12 months of age. The adrenergic nervous profiles were demonstrated visualized by means of verified histochemical method with glyoxylic acid and for demonstration of ACHE-positive nerve fibres were used the direct tiocholin method cytochemistry evidence acetylcholinesterase. In the bursa cloacalis the distribution and topography of adrenergic and ACHE-positive nerve formation in chickens and pheasants were corresponding. The visible nerve fibres were founded mainly in close connection with vessels or as solitary fibres running through fibrous septa around the lymphatic follicles. Nerve fibres in germinal center of lymphatic follicles were not discover. The highest density of adrenergic and ACHE-positive nerves was observed in the period between 3rd and 4th months of age. After this period gradual reduction of adrenergic and ACHE-positive nerve structures was observed and the bursa cloacalis of a 12 months old chicken and pheasant showed only single nerve structures located mainly in the perivascular topography.
Abstract:The localization and distribution of the adrenergic and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive nerve fibres innervating the spleen was studied in pheasant by using histochemical methods. Both visualized nerve fibres entered the pheasant spleen at its hilum in the vicinity of the splenic artery branches and they were gradually distributed into the parenchyma along large arterial branches. The greatest number and density of adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibres were associated with the central artery of the white pulp, and from this localization entered to the periarterial lymphatic sheath. Some of these nerve profiles extended to the red pulp and reached the splenic capsule. The adrenergic nerve fibres were found in the well of large and small branches of the splenic veins, but no cholinergic nerve fibres were found there. The abundant occurence of adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibres in several parts of the pheasant spleen suggest about their participation on modulation of splenic functions.
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