Serological evidence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Switzerland

Pusterla, Nicola; Weber, Rainer; Wolfensberger, C; Schär, G.; Zbinden, Reinhard; Fierz, Walter; Madigan, John E.; Dumler, J. Stephen; Lutz, Hans

doi:10.1007/bf01691120

Cited by 47 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Recently, discrepant infection rates of A. phagocytophila in ticks from different areas around the world have been reported. The prevalence of A. phagocytophila infection was 0.8% in adult I. pacificus from California, 7 and in freeliving adult I. ricinus from areas endemic for tick-borne fever in Switzerland, 11 which are comparable to our previous findings. 12 Higher prevalences were reported in I. scapularis and I. pacificus in the United States, 5,6,8,9,22 and in I. ricinus in Europe.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…12 Higher prevalences were reported in I. scapularis and I. pacificus in the United States, 5,6,8,9,22 and in I. ricinus in Europe. 10,11,15,16,23 This discrepancy in positive rates could be attributable to differences in sampling approaches, tick species, geographic and seasonal variations of infected ticks, or to 24 All these findings imply that estimates based on spot investigations may have only local and temporary applicability, and have limited value in forming public health policy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 However, these species are now considered one species, and they were renamed Anaplasma phagocytophila in a recent reclassification. 5 Anaplasma phagocytophila is transmitted by genus Ixodes ticks, including I. scapularis, 6,7 and I. pacificus 8,9 in the United States, I. ricinus in Europe, 10,11 and I. persulcatus in Asia. 12 These ticks also serve as the vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Anaplasma Phagocytophila and Borrelia Burgdorferi in Ixodes Persulcatus Ticks From Northeastern China

Cao

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2003

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. A total of 1,345 Ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from northeastern China were investigated for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophila and Borrelia burgdorferi by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sixty-two (4.6%) ticks were positive for A. phagocytophila and 454 (33.8%) were positive for B. burgdorferi. Seven (0.5%) were coinfected with both agents. Sequence analysis of 919-basepair PCR amplicons revealed three types of A. phagocytophila. Type 1 was identical to the published sequences of A. phagocytophilas responsible for human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE). The other two variants differed from the HGE agent sequence at one and four positions, respectively. These findings imply that infection with A. phagocytophila poses a potential health threat to both humans and animals in northeastern China, and that ehrlichiosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile patients with a history of tick bite, particularly when clinical manifestations are atypical for Lyme disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Anaplasma Phagocytophila and Borrelia Burgdorferi in Ixodes Persulcatus Ticks From Northeastern China

Cao

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2003

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…It is well known that Ap is transmitted by Ixodes ricinus ticks, which also transmit Bb in central European countries such as in central Italy [5], Bulgaria [4] and Switzerland [29]. In northern Spain (regions close to the atlantic ocean), there are reports of Ap infection in Ixodes ticks, in humans [27], in larvae of Neotrombicula autumnalis [10], in sheep where infection can result in abortions [12], in cattle with non-specific illness [20] and in wild small mammals and roe deer [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A serological study of exposure to arthropod-borne pathogens in dogs from northeastern Spain

Solano‐Gallego

Llull

Osso³

et al. 2006

Vet. Res.

105

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-There is limited information regarding the prevalence of many vector borne pathogens in Europe and especially in Spanish dogs. We investigated 206 sick and 260 clinically healthy dogs from three different regions in northeastern Spain for antibodies to Rickettsia conorii (Rc), Ehrlichia canis (Ec), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap), Bartonella henselae (Bh), Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (Bvb), Leishmania infantum (Li) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) and for antigen of Dirofilaria immitis (Di). Total prevalences were the following: Rc (56.4%), Li (30%), Ec (16.7%), Bh (16.8%), Ap (11.5%), Bvb (1.07%), Di (0.6%) and Bb (0.6%). Seroprevalences for Rc, Ec, Ap, Bh, and Bvb and Bb and Di antigens were similar among the three different study sites. The Ec seroprevalence, as determined by Snap 3DX, was statistically lower in dogs from Mallorca (0%) than Tarragona (16%) and Barcelona (5%) (P < 0.0001). Detection of Rc antibodies was associated with seroreactivity to Ec and Ap antigens (P = 0.018 and P = 0.002, respectively). IFA Ec antibodies were associated with Ap seroreactivity (P < 0.0001). There was no association between the clinical status, sex, time of the year when samples were collected, life-style or exposure to fleas or ticks and a positive test result for Ec, Bh, Bvb, or Bb antibodies or Di antigens. Li seroreactivity was associated with illness and living outdoors (P < 0.0001, P = 0.029; respectively), Rc seroreactivity with the male gender (P = 0.028) and Ap seroreactivity with living outdoors (P = 0.045). This study indicates that exposure to Rc, Li, Ec or related Ehrlichia spp., Bh and Ap or a related spp., is common whereas Di, Bb and Bvb is uncommon among dogs from the Mediterranean basin. We also provide serological data that suggests the existence of a novel Ehrlichia species on Mallorca island. rickettsial pathogens / dogs / Spain

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“…This question has been addressed for Borrelia, and to a lesser extent for Ehrlichia, in the United States, Japan, and a number of European countries (3,6,17,18,21,25,27,36). Both prevalence and species distribution are subject to geographical variation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Borrelia burgdorferiSensu Lato andEhrlichiaspp. inIxodesTicks from Southern Norway

Jenkins¹,

Kristiansen

Allum³

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

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We report the results of a study of the prevalence of Ehrlichia and Borrelia species in 341 questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from two locations in southern Norway. The prevalences of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Ehrlichia spp. were, respectively, 16 and 11.5% at site 1 and 17 and 6% at site 2. Prevalence and species composition of Borrelia and Ehrlichia varied with location and date of collection. The dominant Borrelia species at both sites was Borrelia afzelii, followed by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Borrelia garinii was found in only a single tick. The dominant member of the Ehrlichia group was a recently described Ehrlichia-like organism related to the monocytic ehrlichiae. Variants of Ehrlichia phagocytophila and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis were also found. The highest prevalences for B. afzelii, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, and the Ehrlichia-like organism were observed in May. B. afzelii was most prevalent in females, less prevalent in nymphs, and least prevalent in males, while the prevalence of Ehrlichia was highest in nymphs, lower in females, and least in males. Double infections with B. afzelii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and with B. afzelii and the Ehrlichia-like organism were significantly overrepresented. Tick densities were highest in May, when densities of more than 200 ticks/100 m 2 were observed, and declined during the summer months to densities as low as 20 ticks/100 m 2 . We conclude that estimates of the prevalence of tick-borne bacteria are sensitive to the choice of date and site for collection of ticks. This is the first study of tick-borne Borrelia and Ehrlichia in Norway and the lowest reported B. garinii prevalence in Northern Europe. The prevalence of the Ehrlichia-like organism is described for the first time in questing ticks.

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Serological evidence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Switzerland

Cited by 47 publications

References 13 publications

Prevalence of Anaplasma Phagocytophila and Borrelia Burgdorferi in Ixodes Persulcatus Ticks From Northeastern China

Prevalence of Anaplasma Phagocytophila and Borrelia Burgdorferi in Ixodes Persulcatus Ticks From Northeastern China

A serological study of exposure to arthropod-borne pathogens in dogs from northeastern Spain

Borrelia burgdorferiSensu Lato andEhrlichiaspp. inIxodesTicks from Southern Norway

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