Serological Diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Infection in White-Tailed Deer and Identification of a Potentially Unique Parasite Antigen

Ogunremi, Oladele; Lankester, Murray W.; Kendall, Jane C.; Gajadhar, Alvin A.

doi:10.2307/3285714

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…A unique 37-kD protein of P. tenuis that reacts with P. tenuis-infected WTD serum but not sera from cervids infected with E. rangiferi, P. andersoni, or E. cervi was recently identified 23 and may be a potential serodiagnostic antigen for P. tenuis infection. In this study, a protein of about 37 kD size appears to be present in all 3 antigen preparations (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Excretory-Secretory Products and Somatic Worm Antigens for the Serodiagnosis of ExperimentalParelaphostrongylus TenuisInfection in White-Tailed Deer

et al. 1999

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Abstract. Three different antigen preparations of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis were assessed for their effectiveness in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to diagnose experimental infection of white-tailed deer (WTD). The antigen preparations were the excretory-secretory products of third-stage larvae (ES-L3), somatic antigens of third-stage larvae (sL3), and somatic antigens of the adult stage (sA) of P. tenuis. The relative sensitivities of the antigen preparations in indirect ELISA were ES-L3 Ͼ sL3 Ͼ sA. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to ES-L3 and sL3 could be detected 14 days postinfection and were consistently present in all infected animals from the first month to the end of the experiment at 5 months. In contrast, IgG antibodies to sA could not be detected at any time in 2 infected WTD. ES-L3 and sL3 proved reliable in the early detection of anti-P. tenuis antibodies and in the serological monitoring of experimentally infected animals. Significant cross-reactivity between all P. tenuis antigen preparations and sera from animals infected with parasites other than P. tenuis may preclude their use for field diagnosis. Nevertheless, isolation of unique P. tenuis antigen(s) should lead to the development of a specific serological test for infected white-tailed deer.White-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) are commonly infected with the meningeal worm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) in most of the eastern half of North America. Prevalence rates of more than 80% have been reported. 4,15,28 goats, and llamas can also acquire infections when their grazing areas overlap that of WTD, and the results may be fatal. 1,16,20,33 Many closely related protostrongylid parasites share geographical and host preferences with P. tenuis. Parelaphostrongylus andersoni is present across North America and infects WTD 25 and caribou, 18 Elaphostrongylus rangiferi commonly infects caribou in Newfoundland, Canada, 17 whereas Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei infects WTD and mule deer 25 in western North America. Elaphostrongylus cervi naturally infects red deer and has been shown experimentally to cause severe neurological disease in mule deer. 12 Elaphostrongylus cervi has a wide geographical distribution but is believed to be absent in North America. 12,13 Current diagnosis of P. tenuis infection in WTD relies on the demonstration of the first-stage larvae (L1) in the feces of infected animals by the Baermann technique. The problems with the technique and its limitations for clinical diagnosis are well documented. 11,31 In a recent study 28 L1 were detectable in less than twothirds of 311 necropsy-confirmed, P. tenuis-infected WTD because of the failure of infected animals to excrete larvae or the limitation of the Baermann technique or both. Furthermore, because L1 of P. tenuis are indistinguishable from the L1 of many other protostrongylids, P. tenuis infection can be definitively diagnosed only by the recovery and identification of the adult worm from the central nervous system (CN...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Excretory-Secretory Products and Somatic Worm Antigens for the Serodiagnosis of ExperimentalParelaphostrongylus TenuisInfection in White-Tailed Deer

et al. 1999

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“…No anthelmintics were administered to the llamas for at least 60 days before initiation of the study. Parasites L3 of P. tenuis were obtained by exposing laboratory-reared snails (Triodopsis multilineata and Mesodon thyroidus) to first-stage larvae collected from feces of white-tailed deer that were infected experimentally (Ogunremi et al 1999). Snails were maintained in terrariums at 20°C with lettuce and blackboard chalk.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinico-pathological findings and cerebrospinal fluid analysis in llamas (Lama glama) experimentally infected with the meningeal worm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

Ismail

Levy

Qureshi³

et al. 2010

Eur J Wildl Res

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In this study, the clinical progression of experimental infection of llamas (Lama glama) with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis is described. The onset and characterization of neurologic deficits and changes in the hematology, serum biochemical, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in affected llamas are compared before and after appearance of clinical signs. Sixteen apparently healthy, male llamas (median age; 12 months) were used. Five llamas were maintained as uninfected controls, and five, three, and three llamas were orally inoculated with five, ten, and 25 third-stage larvae (L3) of P. tenuis, respectively. The onset, degree, and characterization of neurologic deficits were recorded. Hematology, serum biochemistry, and CSF were analyzed before exposure (Pre) and after neurologic signs appeared (Post). Necropsy and worm recovery from the central nervous system (CNS) were also carried out to confirm infection. Exposure of llamas to 25 L3 of P. tenuis orally resulted in consistent infection and development of disease. Overall, ten of the 11 animals exposed to P. tenuis L3 developed varying degrees of neurologic signs between 45 and 82 days post-exposure (dpe). P. tenuis was recovered from the CNS of seven of the 11 exposed llamas. Neurologic signs progressed from ataxia to paresis, and eventually paralysis. In the hematologic and serum biochemical analyses, only eosinophil count was significantly elevated in the post-exposure samples in the infected groups. Protein was significantly elevated and Pandy test was positive in CSF of infected llamas. This study comprehensively describes the clinical progression of P. tenuis infection in llamas that will prove helpful in future studies to investigate the possibilities of developing antemortem diagnostic tests and new therapeutic programs.

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“…Diagnosis of any of these three parasitic conditions in the live animal has, until recently, only been based upon clinical signs and the finding of spine-tailed larvae in the faeces. However, there are promising developments in the field of serological and nucleic acid-based detection methods (46,103,104). The presence of white-tailed deer in regions of known meningeal worm range may provide strong indicators if susceptible species are showing clinical signs.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral, parasitic and prion diseases of farmed deer and bison

Haigh¹,

Mackintosh²,

Griffin³

2002

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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Malignant catarrhal fever IntroductionMalignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is the most important viral disease of farmed or ranched bison (Bison bison and Bison bonasus) and deer (7,9,16,20,28,53,80,118,128). The disease, as a clinical entity, is known on all continents and in most countries. At least three types of the virus have been implicated in the disease.The disease is caused by members of the gammaherpesviruses group. Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AHV-1), carried asymptomatically by the wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) in Africa, has been diagnosed in disease outbreaks in zoos in North America. Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OHV-2) is carried asymptomatically by sheep (117). A third, as yet unnamed virus, has been detected in an outbreak of MCF in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (80).There are at least 25 herpesviruses serologically related to AHV-1 that have been detected in a variety of ruminants, but only AHV-1, OHV-2 and a new virus in white-tailed deer appear to be pathogenic (80,107,116,117). TransmissionOf the three pathogenic forms of the virus, AHV-1 from wildebeest (WA-MCF or wildebeest-associated MCF) is the best understood. Sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) occurs when sheep are maintained together with susceptible species. Ewes experience a recrudescence of infection in late pregnancy and

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Serological Diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Infection in White-Tailed Deer and Identification of a Potentially Unique Parasite Antigen

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Evaluation of Excretory-Secretory Products and Somatic Worm Antigens for the Serodiagnosis of ExperimentalParelaphostrongylus TenuisInfection in White-Tailed Deer

Evaluation of Excretory-Secretory Products and Somatic Worm Antigens for the Serodiagnosis of ExperimentalParelaphostrongylus TenuisInfection in White-Tailed Deer

Clinico-pathological findings and cerebrospinal fluid analysis in llamas (Lama glama) experimentally infected with the meningeal worm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

Viral, parasitic and prion diseases of farmed deer and bison

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