Serological assessment of the establishment of herd immunity against measles in a health district in Malaysia

Hazlina, Y.; Marlindawati, M. A.; Shamsuddin, Khadijah

doi:10.1186/s12879-016-2069-y

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In this study, while the proportion of male respondents seropositive to measles was higher than females, an analysis of differences in gender seroprevalence was not demonstrated, in line with other measles seroprevalence studies (Hazlina et al, 2016;Levine et al, 2015 This study observed that there was no significant difference in measles seroprevalence between respondents that were born in Kenya and those born outside Kenya. A review of the literature on the effect of place of birth as a predictor for positive measles antibodies is inconclusive.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Immunity Against Measles in Urban Refugee Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults in Eastleigh, Kenya

Maseghe

Kariuki²,

Odari³

et al. 2023

East Afr. j. health sci.

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Background: Kenya has made progress towards the elimination of measles through routine and supplementary immunisation activities; however, sporadic outbreaks still occur. Studies on measles seroprevalence in Kenya are few and extensive analysis of refugee and migrant populations’ immunity against measles is lacking. This cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the presence of immunity against measles in children, adolescents and young adults living in the high urban refugee area of Eastleigh Nairobi, Kenya. Method: A total of 384 samples serum samples were collected from consenting respondents and tested for measles IgG antibodies. Syncytium Inhibition Assay, a neutralisation assay was used to determine functionality. The establishment of herd immunity was calculated using the Plans- Rubio formulae. Results: Seropositive rate for all respondents were 84.38%, while equivocal and negative were 4.95% and 10.68%, respectively. None of the factors analysed was a significant predictor of positive measles antibodies. 87.76% of the total sera were neutralising, while 12.23 % were negative. There was a significant correlation between the neutralisation titres and ELISA values. Conclusion: This study highlights age-specific measles immunity gaps in an urban refugee population. Although measles antibodies are present in all age groups, none has established herd immunity. In order to avert outbreaks in the study population, it is necessary to direct immunisation interventions to increase the measles antibody prevalence to recommended levels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Immunity Against Measles in Urban Refugee Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults in Eastleigh, Kenya

Maseghe

Kariuki²,

Odari³

et al. 2023

East Afr. j. health sci.

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“…The age groups selected by the WHO correspond to preschool children (1–4 years), primary school children (5–9 years), secondary school children (10–14 years), and adults (≥15 years). Anti-measles immunity protection (or susceptibility) in different age groups can be assessed by means of developing serological surveys in representative samples of the population [ 15 , 16 ]. The WHO assumed that recommended anti-measles immunity levels were sufficient to establish the herd immunity required to block measles transmission in the community [ 14 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are the Objectives Proposed by the WHO for Routine Measles Vaccination Coverage and Population Measles Immunity Sufficient to Achieve Measles Elimination from Europe?

Plans-Rubió

2020

Vaccines

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Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed two-dose measles vaccination coverage of at least 95% of the population and percentages of measles immunity in the population of 85%−95% in order to achieve measles elimination in Europe. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the measles vaccination coverage required to establish herd immunity against measles viruses with basic reproduction numbers (Ro) ranging from 6 to 60, and (2) to assess whether the objectives proposed by the WHO are sufficient to establish herd immunity against measles viruses. Methods: The herd immunity effects of the recommended objectives were assessed by considering the prevalence of protected individuals required to establish herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro values ranging from 6 to 60. Results: The study found that percentages of two-dose measles vaccination coverage from 88% to 100% could establish herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro from 6 to 19, assuming 95% measles vaccination effectiveness. The study found that the objective of 95% for two-dose measles vaccination coverage proposed by the WHO would not be sufficient to establish herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro ≥ 10, assuming 95% measles vaccination effectiveness. By contrast, a 97% measles vaccination coverage objective was sufficient to establish herd immunity against measles viruses, with Ro values from 6 to 13. Measles immunity levels recommended in individuals aged 1−4 years (≥85%) and 5−9 years (≥90%) might not be sufficient to establish herd immunity against most measles viruses, while those recommended in individuals aged 10 or more years (≥95%) could be sufficient to establish herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro values from 6 to 20. Conclusion: To meet the goal of measles elimination in Europe, it is necessary to achieve percentages of two-dose measles vaccination coverage of at least 97%, and measles immunity levels in children aged 1−9 years of at least 95%.

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“…A 2006 study focusing on primary immunization coverage in the state of Sabah noted a defaulter rate of 16.8%, with working mothers found as one of the factors associated with defauters [9]. A seroprevalence study done in Seremban district in Malaysia revealed a seropositive rate for measles to be 87% [10]. In Malaysia, based on the Ministry of Health's vaccination schedule, children aged 12 months are recommended to receive eight basic primary immunization; BCG, Hepatitis Dose 1, 2 and 3, Diphteria-Tetanus-Pertussis-Haemophilus Influenza Dose 1, 2 and 3, and Measles-Mumps -Rubella.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Immunization among Children in Malaysia: Reasons for Incomplete Vaccination

Ahmad¹,

Jahis²,

Kuay³

et al. 2017

J Vaccines Vaccin

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Objective: Incomplete primary immunization against vaccine preventable diseases is a significant public health problem. This study aimed to identify population at-risk for incomplete immunization and their associated factors. Methods: Data on immunization module from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2016 was analysed. This survey was conducted as a nationwide community based survey using stratified random sampling design. Immunization history of children aged 12 to 23 months from the randomly selected addresses were taken from their mothers by face-to-face interview using mobile device. The information was verified with vaccination cards. Results: Out of 11,388 eligible respondents, 10,140 responded to the survey; 89.0% response rate. The prevalence of incomplete immunization was 4.5%, while non-immunised was 0.1%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that children at-risk of incomplete immunization or being non-immunised were girls, residing in urban areas, have mothers who do not believe that vaccine can prevent spread of disease and mothers who had pregnancy care at private healthcare facilities. Among reasons given for incomplete or non-uptake of immunization were due to either private healthcare facilities reasons; vaccine stock shortage or not due for immunization yet, or personal reasons; 'no time', forgotten', 'refused vaccine', and 'doubt halal status'. Conclusion: Children with incomplete immunization in Malaysia were more likely to come from urban areas and received care at private healthcare facilities. A standard schedule for all healthcare facilities and single registry may be suitable strategies to be implemented, in order to ensure high vaccination coverage in Malaysia.

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Serological assessment of the establishment of herd immunity against measles in a health district in Malaysia

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Immunity Against Measles in Urban Refugee Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults in Eastleigh, Kenya

Immunity Against Measles in Urban Refugee Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults in Eastleigh, Kenya

Are the Objectives Proposed by the WHO for Routine Measles Vaccination Coverage and Population Measles Immunity Sufficient to Achieve Measles Elimination from Europe?

Primary Immunization among Children in Malaysia: Reasons for Incomplete Vaccination

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