Serological and molecular detection of bovine leukemia virus in cattle in Iraq

Khudhair, Yahia Ismail; Hasso, Saleem Amin; Yaseen, Nahi Y.; Al-Shammari, Ahmed Majeed

doi:10.1038/emi.2016.60

Cited by 29 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…There are a lot of reports in the scienti ic literature on the results of studies to determine the relationship between the level of antibodies to cattle leukemia virus and proviral load (PVL) in milk and blood samples. There is a signi icant positive correlation between PVL and serum antibody titers, a negative correlation between milk PVL and antibody titers in milk, as well as between blood and milk antibody titers (Kono et al, 1982;Khudhair et al, 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Features of humoral immunity in cows infected with the leukaemia virus

Yakupov

Valiev

Zinnatov

et al. 2020

ijrps

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The article presents the results of studying the dynamics of the formation of antibodies and immune complexes, reveals the prospects for improving the early diagnosis of cattle leukaemia. Studies were conducted for 6 months on an experimental group of animals consisting of 12 cows. The titers of free and bound antibodies in blood serum and milk were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of studies showing that changes in titers of anti-leukaemia antibodies in the blood serum of cows naturally infected with BLV (bovine leukaemia virus) are significantly different from experimental infection data are adduced. In cows infected with BLV, there is no definite relationship between antibody titers in milk and in blood serum. With sufficiently high titers of serum antibodies, antibody titers in milk can be minimal for the same cows; conversely, with low titers of serum antibodies, there can be high antibody titers in milk. In the titers of antibodies free and bound in the immune complexes in blood serum with the development of the disease, a certain dependence is traced. With a decrease in titers of free antibodies, in most cases, an increase in titers of “bound” antibodies is observed, i.e., the degree of formation of circulating immune complexes (CECs) increases. There is no clearly defined dependence in the dynamics of changes in titers free and bound in immune complexes of antibodies in milk samples. They can remain at the same level for a long time, both at low and rather high levels.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Features of humoral immunity in cows infected with the leukaemia virus

Yakupov

Valiev

Zinnatov

et al. 2020

ijrps

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“…The variation of EBL seroprevalence among Brazilian states is due to the different environmental conditions, herd size, cattle management, and genetics, as well as the particularities of the diagnostic techniques employed [14,24,37]. This scenario is also repeated in different countries [32] such as Mongolia [26], Iraq [14], China [39], and Japan [15,27], which reported varied prevalences of 3.9%, 7.75%, 18.3%, and 66.8%, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of EBL is still related to the absence of disinfection of the facilities and fomites (OR = 1.90, P < 0.05), especially drilling and sharp utensils used for marking or surgical procedures, due to the hematogenous vehiculation of BLV [14,24,35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the age group, the chance of infection increased between four and six years of age (OR = 1.75, P < 0.05), and is associated with the long period of viral incubation and the intensification of management (number of milking, rectal palpations, vaccinations, deworming, among others), which would increase the exposure to the agent [10,14,17,37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Factors for Enzootic Leukosis in Dairy Cattle from the Brazilian Amazon

Silva

Melchior

Reckziegel

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a viral and lymphoproliferative disease that attributes negative economic impacts to dairy farming. The immunosuppressive condition of these bovines favors the development of bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis, brucellosis, and bovine leptospirosis, which implications to the public health given that they are zoonosis. Diagnosis and control of EBL are neglected in cattle rearing, allowing their dissemination, especially in developing countries. In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyze the risk factors of EBL in dairy cattle from the Brazilian Amazon. Materials, Methods & Results:In order to identify the BLV-infected animals (527 serological samples), we used the agarose gel immunodiffusion serological test (IDGA) to diagnose the EBL and characterize the risk factors through the application of epidemiological questionnaires. We used the logistic regression test to evaluate the existence of a significant association between the variables. The EBL frequency in the study area was 14.42%. We detected seroreagent bovines in all municipalities evaluated with 95% of the properties showing outbreaks of the disease. The reuse of needles was the risk factor with the most significant statistical association (P < 0.01; OR = 2.16). Discussion: The origin of EBL in the Brazilian Amazon is probably related to the expansion of dairy cattle in the 1980s, which, at first, demanded the importation of cattle for the fast formation of the herds, without complying with the sanitary criteria of animal commercialization. The frequency of EBL in the Rio Branco microregion is below the estimated national average, as well as the regional level. The reduced influx of animals due to the geographical situation of Acre, since it is an area of greater physical isolation due to forest and river barriers, may influence the observed frequency. Different environmental conditions, herd size, cattle management, genetics and particularities of the diagnostic techniques should also be considered. The Rio Branco microregion can currently be considered as an area of medium frequency for BLV infection, a situation that ranges from 11 to 30% in the occurrence rate. When compared to herds with low infection frequency (<10%), the elimination of seroreagent animals and their respective outbreaks become more expensive in areas of medium or high frequency. As for the number of outbreaks detected, the finding reflects the degree of negligence regarding the prophylactic measures of EBL since it is a silent propagation disease, as well as the implications for the absence of official control and eradication programs in Brazil. According to the final logistic regression model, the reuse of needles for vaccinations, deworming, and for applying other drugs in different animals was the risk factor of greater association in the region, explaining the widespread occurrence of EBL in the studied farms. In Canadian herds, this practice also was associated with an increase in clinical cases. It is known that ...

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“…They include chitosan, the N-desacetylated form of chitosan, and the main structural component of teguments of crustaceans and insects, and fungal cell walls. Chitin and chitosan contain several functional groups -hydroxylic, carbonylic, amino-, acetyl amide groups and oxygen bridges, so the mechanism of heavy metals sorption with these polymers has a rather complex nature (Khudhair et al, 2016). Depending on the conditions, it may include complex formation and super icial adsorption, however, the most investigators now tend to believe that the chelated complex formation, conditioned by high electron donor ability of nitrogen and oxygen atoms, prevails the most.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of radioprotective properties of chitosan at gamma-irradiation

Фролова

Gryn

Kovaleva

et al. 2020

ijrps

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The objective of this study was the analysis of adaptogenic effects of chitosan at gamma-irradiation. The study of radioprotective properties of chitosan was carried out on male mice having the weight of 20-25 g, exposed to gamma-irradiation at the doses of up to 800 bar at the Gamma Panorama unit (radiation source – Cs137, gamma dose rate – 14 R/min, duration of irradiation – 58.5 min). 4 experimental and 2 control groups with 7 animals in each have been formed. The medicine dose schedule, allowing to identify both the prophylactic effect and the therapeutic effect of chitosan, was used in the experiment. It was found out in experiments on white mice, with the purpose of determining 50% lethal dose (LD50) that chitosan belongs to the substances of hazard class 4 because its LD50 considerably exceeds 5000 mg/kg; at this, the toxicity of chitosan decreases parallel to its molecular weight decrease. The prophylactic and therapeutic effect of low-molecular chitosan (molecular weight 5-10 kDa) as abdominal injection at the doses of 200 mg/kg of body weight. It has been demonstrated that the mice from the experimental group I that received chitosan 3 days before the irradiation remained alive throughout the entire observation period (30 days). In the animals of II, III, IV experimental groups that received chitosan in 3, 9 and 22 days after the irradiation, the survival rate by the experiment end was 86, 43 and 29%, respectively, with the 100% death of animals in the control group I (irradiated animals without the use of chitosan) and full safety of animals in the control group II (non-irradiated animals).

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Serological and molecular detection of bovine leukemia virus in cattle in Iraq

Cited by 29 publications

References 38 publications

Features of humoral immunity in cows infected with the leukaemia virus

Features of humoral immunity in cows infected with the leukaemia virus

Risk Factors for Enzootic Leukosis in Dairy Cattle from the Brazilian Amazon

Study of radioprotective properties of chitosan at gamma-irradiation

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