Serologic Differentiation Between Antitoxin Responses to Infection with Vibrio cholerae and Enterotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli

Svennerholm, A. M.; Holmgren, Jan; Black, Robert E.; Levine, Myron M.; Merson, Michael H.

doi:10.1093/infdis/147.3.514

Cited by 91 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Sera were collected on days 0, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 28. The IgA and IgG antibody titers against LT were determined by the GM 1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method (27,53), and the titers against CFA/I and CS6 were determined by an ELISA as previously described (22,52). The endpoint titers were defined as the interpolated dilutions of the samples giving an absorbance at 450 nm that was 0.4 absorbance unit above the background value.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Response, Ciprofloxacin Activity, and Gender Differences after Human Experimental Challenge by Two Strains of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

et al. 2007

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In order to test vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-10 CFU B7A or either dose of H10407. B7A had a shorter incubation period than H10407 (P ‫؍‬ 0.001) and caused milder illness; the mean diarrheal output after H10407 challenge was nearly twice that after B7A challenge (P ‫؍‬ 0.01). Females had more abdominal complaints, and males had a higher incidence of fever. Ciprofloxacin generally diminished or stopped symptoms and shedding by the second day of antibiotic treatment, but four subjects shed for one to four additional days. The immune responses to colonization factors CS6 and colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) and to heat-labile toxin ( Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced diarrhea is recognized frequently in individuals who travel in developing countries around the world (4,7,8,26,29,47) and is a major medical problem for military personnel deployed in these countries (26,44,45). Since strict personal hygiene and avoidance of local water and fresh and undercooked foods are recommendations with which travelers have difficulty complying, other means to reduce the ETEC attack rate must be considered. The use of short-term chemoprophylaxis and self-treatment for diarrhea are effective for travelers who are unwilling to accept even a short period of illness because of the serious impact it would have on their overall mission. However, the routine use of antimicrobial prophylaxis for the general traveler is not recommended because of the potential for associated adverse drug reactions and the potential to worsen the problem of antibiotic resistance of enteric bacteria (8,25,29,43,47). These factors make development of vaccines against ETEC a priority.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Response, Ciprofloxacin Activity, and Gender Differences after Human Experimental Challenge by Two Strains of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

et al. 2007

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“…Serum vibriocidal antibodies against V. cholerae El Tor Inaba strain (T19479) and IgG and IgA cholera antitoxin were measured in pre-vaccination and post-vaccination specimens by previously described methods. 9,14,15 Two-fold serial dilutions of serum and plasma were tested and the vibriocidal titer was defined as the highest dilutions causing complete inhibition of bacterial growth. All tests were done in duplicate; a seroconversion was defined as a Ն2-fold increase in antibody titers when both paired specimens increased Ն2-fold.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety, immunogenicity, and lot stability of the whole cell/recombinant B subunit (WC/rCTB) cholera vaccine in Peruvian adults and children.

Taylor¹,

Cárdenas²,

Pérez

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. To assess the safety, immunogenicity, and lot stability of the whole cell/recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine, 2 lots manufactured in June 1991 and February 1992 were tested in January 1995. Two oral doses of vaccine or placebo given 2 weeks apart were given with buffer to 216 Peruvian adults and children. Symptoms were elicited for 3 days after each dose. Serum and plasma specimens obtained from each volunteer before vaccination and 10-14 days after the second dose were tested for vibriocidal and anti-cholera toxin antibodies. The vaccine was welltolerated. Nearly half of the 100 vaccinees had pre-vaccination vibriocidal titers Ն1:40. Elevated titers were observed in 22% of 37 children 2-5 years of age compared with 66% of 63 vaccinees 6-65 years (P Ͻ 0.001). A Ն2-fold serum vibriocidal response was observed in 55% of 100 vaccinees and 6% of 32 placebo recipients. An elevated prevaccination titer (Ն1:40) did not change the proportion of vaccinees who responded with a Ն2-fold increase in vibriocidal titer (51% versus 59%, difference not significant), but did change the proportion responding with a Ն4-fold increase (41% versus 22%; P Ͻ 0.05). The vibriocidal seroconversion rate was lowest in children 2-5 years old despite low pre-vaccination titers. Two-fold or greater serum antitoxic responses in IgA and IgG were observed in Ͼ90% of the vaccinees; Ն4-fold responses were seen in 65-70% of the vaccinees with a 6-8-fold increase over baseline. Plasma specimens were as good as sera for determining anti-toxic antibodies by ELISA, but were less satisfactory for determining vibriocidal antibody titers.Cholera continues to be a serious problem in Latin America as well as in many other areas of the developing world.

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“…Anti-CTB IgA and IgG in serum and IgA in FEs were determined by a GM 1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (35). Endpoint titers were determined as the reciprocal dilution of the samples giving an optical density at 490 nm (OD 490 ) of 0.4 above the background.…”

Section: Study Design and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal and Systemic Immune Responses to an Oral Cholera Toxoid B Subunit Whole-Cell Vaccine Administered during Zinc Supplementation

et al. 2003

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Zinc plays a critical role in the normal functioning of the immune system. We investigated whether zinc sulfate administered orally to adult zinc-replete volunteers modulates systemic and intestinal immune responses to an oral killed cholera toxoid B subunit (CTB) whole-cell cholera vaccine. The 30 participants were immunized twice, with a 17-day interval. The vaccinees in the intervention group ingested 45 mg of elemental zinc thrice daily for 9 days starting 2 days before each vaccine dose. The median serum anti-CTB immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG responses from day 0 to day 30, i.e. after two vaccine doses, were 13-fold lower (P value for identical distribution, <0.005) in the zinc-supplemented compared to the nonsupplemented vaccinees. The median serum vibriocidal responses from baseline to after one (day 0 to day 17) and two (day 0 to day 30) vaccine doses were at least sixfold (P ‫؍‬ 0.033) and fourfold (P ‫؍‬ 0.091) higher, while the median fecal anti-CTB IgA response after two doses was estimated to be fourfold higher (P ‫؍‬ 0.084) in the zinc-supplemented vaccinees. These observations show that zinc reduces the antitoxin and may enhance the antibacterial responses in serum. Zinc may also improve the intestinal antitoxin immune response. Oral zinc administration has the potential to modify critical immune responses to antigens applied to mucosal surfaces.As a constituent of many biological systems, zinc is an essential nutrient and plays a critical role in the normal functioning of the immune system (4,25,31,38). Several in vitro studies have shown that the immunomodulatory effects of zinc closely resemble the actions of several well-characterized adjuvants (e.g., aluminum salts) that selectively activate specific T-cell subpopulations controlling immune responses (3,13).In vitro studies indicate that there is a delicate zinc concentration dependency for lymphocyte and monocyte activation (22,31,38). Zinc dosage regimens for achieving modulation of these processes in vivo are not established and may differ depending on the desired outcome. To achieve adequate immunomodulation, zinc supplementation should probably coincide with the 7 to 10 days of maximum clonal expansion of lymphocytes following immunization (14,15,22,36). The dose administered has to induce adequate zinc concentrations in the appropriate lymphoid tissues (8, 34).The clinical effects of zinc are known from several studies in developing countries, where zinc supplementation substantially reduces the severity and duration of diarrhea in children and also reduces the incidence of diarrhea (6). Somewhat surprisingly, these effects do not seem to be limited to those who are malnourished or zinc deficient; zinc also has substantial preventive effects in children with normal plasma zinc levels (5).In order to be efficacious, vaccines against enteric infections should induce a specific secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) as well as an adequate systemic immune response (24). To exploit the practicality of oral immunization and the superiorability o...

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Serologic Differentiation Between Antitoxin Responses to Infection with Vibrio cholerae and Enterotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli

Cited by 91 publications

References 18 publications

Immune Response, Ciprofloxacin Activity, and Gender Differences after Human Experimental Challenge by Two Strains of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Immune Response, Ciprofloxacin Activity, and Gender Differences after Human Experimental Challenge by Two Strains of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Safety, immunogenicity, and lot stability of the whole cell/recombinant B subunit (WC/rCTB) cholera vaccine in Peruvian adults and children.

Intestinal and Systemic Immune Responses to an Oral Cholera Toxoid B Subunit Whole-Cell Vaccine Administered during Zinc Supplementation

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