Serologic and molecular survey for hepatitis E virus in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Central Italy

Mazzei, Maurizio; Nardini, Roberto; Verin, Ranieri; Forzan, Mario; Poli, Alessandro; Tolari, Francesco

doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2015.05.008

Cited by 45 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The relatively high detected HEV seroprevalence rate (57.05%) in Lithuanian wild boar serum was similar to previously published data from Italy (Mazzei et al 2015a) that revealed seroprevalence of 56.2% in the wild boar population. A Polish study determined 44.4% of HEV antibodies in the serum of wild boar from 11 different Polish provinces (Larska et al 2015), while a Spanish study found an overall seroprevalence of 42.7% in wild boar population from South Central Spain, whereas IgG seroprevalence ranged from 0% to 63.3% depending on geographical region.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in Lithuanian domestic pigs and wildlife

Spancernienė

Buitkuvienė²,

Grigas

et al. 2016

Acta Vet. Brno

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Hepatitis E is an important public health concern disease that causes acute hepatitis in humans with different hepatitis E virus strains reported among domestic and wild animals. In Lithuania, seroprevalence studies on animals considered to be possible virus reservoirs, particularly in wildlife species, had never been investigated before. In order to assess the actual distribution of the virus in the domestic pig and wildlife species, serum samples originating from different geographic areas of Lithuania were tested for the presence of antibodies to the virus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The study results proved that hepatitis E virus infection is prevalent among domestic pigs, wild boar, moose, and roe deer in Lithuania, with the overall prevalence of IgG antibodies against hepatitis E virus being 43.75%, 57.05%, 11.76%, and 1.20%, respectively. Significantly higher (P < 0.01) seroprevalence values of 53.66% and 80% were observed in weaned pigs and adult wild boar. Herds with 15 001-30 000 pigs were 2.4 times more likely (P < 0.01) to test positive for hepatitis E virus antibodies (70.18%), than herds with ≤ 500 pigs (21.11%). The differences in seroprevalence rates between domestic pigs (from 25 to 66.67%) and wild boar (from 42.86 to 73.33% ) in all 10 counties were not significant (P > 0.05). Estimated low seroprevalence rate in moose, roe deer and absence of antibodies in red deer suggest that such wildlife species are accidental hosts of hepatitis E virus or at least hepatitis E virus is not present in Lithuanian cervides. HEV, sow, wild boar, cervidae, serum, zoonosisAccording to data reported by the World Health Organization (2015), in humans there are estimated 20 million cases of hepatitis E infections, over 3 million symptomatic cases of hepatitis E, and 56 600 hepatitis E-related deaths every year. Therefore, hepatitis E is considered an emerging zoonotic disease in many developing and industrialized countries. The aetiological agent of the disease is hepatitis E virus (HEV) that affects multiple hosts. The HEV is unique among known hepatitis (A, B, C, D) viruses because domestic pigs, wild boar, deer, and other animal species are considered to be possible reservoirs of HEV. Up to date, at least seven genotypes of HEV have been reported, and five of them have been described in humans (HEV-1 and HEV-2 anthroponotic, HEV-3 and HEV-4 zoonotic, HEV-7 zoonotic potential is still being questioned) (Roth et al. 2016). In contrast to humans, pigs and wild boar infected by HEV do not show obvious clinical manifestations.The consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated meat of domestic pig, wild boar or deer and also seafood receiving sewage sludge or direct contact with infected animals have been identified as modes of transmission linked to autochthonous sporadic cases of acute hepatitis E in humans (Pavio et al. 2010;Kaba et al. 2013). Moreover, increased distribution and availability of game meat poses a major risk for foodborne transmission of HEV worldwide. In addition,

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in Lithuanian domestic pigs and wildlife

Spancernienė

Buitkuvienė²,

Grigas

et al. 2016

Acta Vet. Brno

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“…The time of sampling or the use of a different test could be the reason for the discordant results obtained by us and by Larska et al (9). Several studies have investigated the presence of HEV in wild boars in Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and France (3,12,17,19). In Europe overall, the seroprevalence varies between 12% in the Netherlands (17) and 61.6% in Slovenia (7), with Spanish seroprevalence at 47.2% (5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary study on the detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in pigs and wild boars in Poland

Weiner

Tokarska-Rodak

Plewik³

et al. 2016

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction: Although HEV infection in pigs does not pose a major economic risk to pork production, the risk of zoonotic transmission to humans is an important aspect of public health. HEV genotype 3 infections were reported in developed countries in individuals who had consumed raw meat or meat products from deer, wild boars, or pigs. The aim of the study was the analysis of the occurrence of HEV-specific antibodies among wild boars and domestic pigs in Poland. Material and Methods: A total of 290 samples from wild boars and 143 samples from pigs were tested. The antibodies were tested by ELISA. Results: The presence of anti-HEV IgG was demonstrated in 44.1% of pigs and 31.0% of wild boars. Anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected in 1.4% of samples from pigs and in 2.1% of samples from wild boars at borderline level. The statistical analysis shows significant differences in the positive results for anti-HEV IgG between the groups of pigs and wild boars (P = 0.0263). Conclusion: Regular surveillance of the occurrence of HEV in swine and wild boars should be performed in the future.

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“…The phylogenetic analysis also revealed that the identified HEV strains in wild boars in Romania were genetically related to human HEV strains circulating in Europe. Some studies highlighted that HEV genotypes 3a, 3c, 3h and 3i detected in wild boars showed a high sequence identity to human HEV strains from autochthonous hepatitis E cases (Forgach et al., ; Mazzei et al., ; Rutjes et al., ; Schielke et al., ). Subtype 3a has been described in humans in England and Portugal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First indications of HEV infections in wild boars were made in 1999, when 17% of free‐living pigs investigated in Australia were found positive for anti‐HEV antibodies (Chandler, Riddell, Li, Love, & Anderson, ) but the first detection of HEV in wild boar was reported in 2004, in Japan (Sonoda et al., ). Across Europe, genotype HEV‐3 has been previously detected in wild boars from France (Jori et al., ; Kaba, Davoust, Marie, & Colson, ; Lhomme et al., ), Germany (Chandler et al., ; Kaci, Nockler, & Johne, ; Schielke et al., ), Hungary (Forgach et al., ; Reuter, Fodor, Forgach, Katai, & Szucs, ), Italy (Caruso et al., ; Martelli et al., ; Martinelli et al., ; Mazzei et al., ), Netherlands (Rutjes et al., , ), Belgium (Thiry et al., ) Sweden (Widen et al., ), Portugal (Mesquita, Oliveira, Coelho, Vieira‐Pinto, & Nascimento, ), Estonia (Ivanova et al., ) and Spain (de Deus et al., ) with prevalence rates ranging from 2.5% to 25% (Martelli et al., ). Adlhoch et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HEV strains circulating in domestic and feral pigs are genetically related to the strains identified in autochthonous human cases (Doceul et al., ; Pavio, Meng, & Doceul, ). Wild boar has been identified as a risk factor for autochthonous HEV infections in industrialized countries such as Japan (Sonoda et al., ), Germany (Wichmann et al., ), Sweden (Widen et al., ) and Italy (Mazzei et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in wild boar population in eastern Romania

Porea¹,

Aniţă²,

Demange

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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In industrialized countries, Hepatitis E is a recognized zoonosis, with wild boar and swine representing the main reservoirs for zoonotic genotype HEV-3 in Europe. Data related to HEV infection in wild boar population in Romania are restricted to serological surveys. Therefore, our main goal was to determine the HEV prevalence in wild boar population and to characterize HEV strains circulating in Romania. Using TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay, we analyzed the presence of RNA HEV in 45 liver samples and five spleen samples collected from 50 wild boars. Samples were collected during the 2013-2015 hunting seasons. Nine samples of 50 were tested positive for HEV RNA, resulting an overall prevalence of 18%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates clustered in different HEV-3 monophyletic groups, depending on the sampling county. This is the first study signalling, based on molecular analysis, the presence of HEV in wild boar population from Romania. Also, in this study, we report the detection of HEV in splenic tissue from wild boar.

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Serologic and molecular survey for hepatitis E virus in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Central Italy

Cited by 45 publications

References 32 publications

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in Lithuanian domestic pigs and wildlife

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in Lithuanian domestic pigs and wildlife

Preliminary study on the detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in pigs and wild boars in Poland

Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in wild boar population in eastern Romania

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