Seroepidemiological evidence of avian H4, H5, and H9 influenza A virus transmission to pigs in southeastern China

Ninomiya, Ai; Takada, Ayato; Okazaki, Katsunori; Shortridge, K. F.; Kida, Hiroshi

doi:10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00105-0

Cited by 109 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Transmissions or introductions of viruses from avian sources to swine seem to occur more frequently than previously reported (9,35,36). This was observed across our whole survey period and in two regions of China (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…In the field, outbreaks caused by avian H9 viruses in pig herds are rare and have only been reported from farms in the Shandong and Henan provinces in China (10,11,14). As shown by previous (9,35,36) and this serological surveillance in pigs, H9 infections, which may be derived from direct introductions of viruses from avian sources, have occurred frequently without causing obvious clinical signs or disease outbreaks. Apart from the viruses from Korea, all of the other available swine H9N2 viruses are from China and belong to the Y280 lineage (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Infectivity and Transmissibility of Avian H9N2 Influenza Viruses in Pigs

Wang

Hong

et al. 2016

J Virol

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The H9N2 influenza viruses that are enzootic in terrestrial poultry in China pose a persistent pandemic threat to humans. To investigate whether the continuous circulation and adaptation of these viruses in terrestrial poultry increased their infectivity to pigs, we conducted a serological survey in pig herds with H9N2 viruses selected from the aquatic avian gene pool (Y439 lineage) and the enzootic terrestrial poultry viruses (G1 and Y280 lineages). We also compared the infectivity and transmissibility of these viruses in pigs. It was found that more than 15% of the pigs sampled from 2010 to 2012 in southern China were seropositive to either G1 or Y280 lineage viruses, but none of the sera were positive to the H9 viruses from the Y439 lineage. Viruses of the G1 and Y280 lineages were able to infect experimental pigs, with detectable nasal shedding of the viruses and seroconversion, whereas viruses of the Y439 lineage did not cause a productive infection in pigs. Thus, adaptation and prevalence in terrestrial poultry could lead to interspecies transmission of H9N2 viruses from birds to pigs. Although H9N2 viruses do not appear to be continuously transmissible among pigs, repeated introductions of H9 viruses to pigs naturally increase the risk of generating mammalian-adapted or reassorted variants that are potentially infectious to humans. This study highlights the importance of monitoring the activity of H9N2 viruses in terrestrial poultry and pigs. IMPORTANCEH9N2 subtype of influenza viruses has repeatedly been introduced into mammalian hosts, including humans and pigs, so awareness of their activity and evolution is important for influenza pandemic preparedness. However, since H9N2 viruses usually cause mild or even asymptomatic infections in mammalian hosts, they may be overlooked in influenza surveillance. Here, we found that the H9N2 viruses established in terrestrial poultry had higher infectivity in pigs than those from aquatic birds, which suggests that adaptation of the H9N2 viruses in terrestrial poultry might have increased the infectivity of the virus to mammals. Therefore, monitoring the prevalence and evolution of H9 viruses prevalent in terrestrial birds and conducting risk assessment of their threat to mammals are critical for evaluating the pandemic potential of this virus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Infectivity and Transmissibility of Avian H9N2 Influenza Viruses in Pigs

Wang

Hong

et al. 2016

J Virol

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“…Pigs in Europe and China have been infected with avian H1N1 viruses (14,37), and a purely avian H4N6 influenza virus caused a disease outbreak in pigs in Canada (27). In China, Peiris et al reported on swine infections with avian H9N2 influenza virus, and since then, frequent exposure to this subtype has been documented (34,41). Lately, reassortant viruses between avian H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes caused pig diseases and death in some parts of China (6,7,57), and in the United States, reassortant H2N3 viruses (between American avian-like and contemporary swine triple reassortant-like) recently have been identified (32).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Genetic Characterization of H5N2 Influenza Viruses from Pigs in Korea

Lee

Pascua

Song

et al. 2009

J Virol

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“…Though most of these viruses have an H1 or H3 HA, HA subtypes that are usually restricted to birds can also cross the species barrier to pigs. Serological investigations in Asia, for example, have shown evidence for infections of pigs with avian H4, H5 and H9 viruses [36]. Importantly, however, only the H1N1 virus that crossed from wild birds to swine in Europe in 1979 has become established in pigs, whereas the other viruses have disappeared.…”

Section: Swine As An Intermediate Host For the Transmission Of Avian mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian and swine influenza viruses: our current understanding of the zoonotic risk

2007

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Seroepidemiological evidence of avian H4, H5, and H9 influenza A virus transmission to pigs in southeastern China

Cited by 109 publications

References 25 publications

Infectivity and Transmissibility of Avian H9N2 Influenza Viruses in Pigs

Infectivity and Transmissibility of Avian H9N2 Influenza Viruses in Pigs

Isolation and Genetic Characterization of H5N2 Influenza Viruses from Pigs in Korea

Avian and swine influenza viruses: our current understanding of the zoonotic risk

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