Isolation and Genetic Characterization of H5N2 Influenza Viruses from Pigs in Korea

Lee, Jun Han; Pascua, Philippe Noriel Q.; Song, Min‐Suk; Baek, Yun Hee; Kim, Chul-Joong; Choi, Hwan-Woon; Sung, Moon-Hee; Webby, Richard J.; Webster, Robert G.; Poo, Haryoung; Choi, Young Ki

doi:10.1128/jvi.02403-08

Cited by 65 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…None of these isolates grouped in the HA tree (Fig. 1) with those low pathogenic H5N2 viruses previously reported in Asia [9], [10], [11], [12]. However, the pathogenicity of these viruses for chickens, domestic ducks and mice varies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic H5N2 Avian Influenza Viruses in Poultry in China

Zhao

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

111

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There has been multiple evidence that domestic poultry may act as a vessel for the generation of novel influenza A viruses. In this study, we have analyzed the evolution and pathogenicity of 4 H5N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from apparently healthy poultry from H5N1 virus endemic areas in China. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two of these viruses, A/duck/Eastern China/1111/2011 (DK/EC/1111/11) and A/goose/Eastern China/1112/2011 (GS/EC/1112/11) were derived from reassortment events in which clade 2.3.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses acquired novel neuraminidase and nonstructural protein genes. Another two isolates, A/chicken/Hebei/1102/2010 (CK/HB/1102/10) and A/duck/Hebei/0908/2009 (DK/HB/0908/09), possess hemagglutinin (HA) gene belong to clade 7 H5 viruses and other genes from endemic H9N2 viruses, or from viruses of various subtypes of the natural gene pool. All of these H5N2 isolates bear characteristic sequences of HPAI virus at the cleavage site of HA, and animal experiments indicated that all of these viruses but DK/HB/0908/09 is highly pathogenic to chickens. In particular, DK/EC/1111/11 and GS/EC/1112/11 are also highly pathogenic to ducks and moderately pathogenic to mice. All of these 4 viruses were able to replicate in domestic ducks and mice without prior adaptation. The emergence of these novel H5N2 viruses adds more evidence for the active evolution of H5 viruses in Asia. The maintenance of the highly pathogenic phenotype of some of these viruses even after reassortment with a new NA subtypes, their ability to replicate and transmit in domestic poultry, and the pathogenicity in the mammalian mouse model, highlight the potential threat posed by these viruses to both veterinary and public health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic H5N2 Avian Influenza Viruses in Poultry in China

Zhao

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

111

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“…To date, there is evidence of only two full or partial avian influenza viruses successfully adapting to transmit stably in swine: the avian-origin Eurasian H1N1 swine viruses [12] and the avian-origin PB2 and PA segments associated with the triple reassortant viruses that emerged in North American swine in the 1990s [50]. A wide range of avian influenza virus subtypes have transiently infected swine in Asia (H1N1 [61], H3N2 [62], H3N8 [63], H4N1 [64], H4N8 [65], H5N1 [66–68], H5N2 [69], H6N6 [70], H7N2 [71], H9N2 [72–75], H10N5 [76], and H11N6), North America (H1N1 [77], H2N3 [78], H3N3 [77], and H4N6 [79]), and Europe (H1N7 [80]). The detection of avian-swine reassortant H2N3 viruses in swine in 2006 in Missouri, USA raised a particular concern for humans, but also did not sustain viral transmission in swine, and there was no evidence of infection of humans [81].…”

Section: Refining Models Of Influenza a Virus Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human–animal interface

Nelson

Vincent

2015

Trends in Microbiology

209

206

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The origins of the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic of 2009 in swine are unknown, highlighting gaps in our understanding of influenza A virus ecology and evolution. Here we review how recently strengthened influenza virus surveillance in pigs has revealed that influenza virus transmission from humans to swine is far more frequent than swine-to-human zoonosis, and is central in seeding swine globally with new viral diversity. The scale of global human-to-swine transmission represents the largest ‘reverse zoonosis’ of a pathogen documented to date. Overcoming the bias towards perceiving swine as sources of human viruses, rather than recipients, is key to understanding how the bidirectional nature of the human-animal interface produces influenza threats to both hosts.

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“…H1N2; H1N7) and Asia (H3N1; H3N2; H1N1; H1N2) [11, 15, 21–24]. Furthermore, avian viruses have been transiently detected in swine in many parts of the world, including H1N1, H9N2, H4N6 and H5N2 [13, 17, 22, 25–27] but it is not clear whether these viruses will establish long term transmission in pigs. While highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses have been occasionally detected in pigs [22, 28], experimental studies indicate that pig-to-pig transmission is limited [29, 30] and serological studies do not reveal widespread transmission of H5N1 viruses in pigs in areas where this virus remains endemic in poultry [29, 31].…”

Section: Influenza Viruses In Swinementioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) H1N1 virus in humans

Peiris

Poon

Guan

2009

Journal of Clinical Virology

288

112

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A recently emerged novel influenza A H1N1 virus continues to spread globally. The virus contains a novel constellation of gene segments, the nearest known precursors being viruses found in swine and it likely arose through reassortment of two or more viruses of swine origin. H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtype swine influenza viruses have occasionally infected humans before but such zoonotic transmission-events did not lead to sustained human-to-human transmission in the manner this swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) has done. Its transmission among humans appears to be higher than that observed with seasonal influenza. Children and young adults appear to those most affected and also those who appear to maintain transmission. Clinical disease generally appears mild but complications leading to hospitalization can occur, especially in those with underlying lung or cardiac disease, diabetes or those on immunosuppresive therapies. There are concerns that the virus may reassort with existing human influenza virus giving rise to more transmissible or more pathogenic viruses. The virus appears to retain the potential to transmit back to swine and thus continued reassortment with swine viruses is a cause for concern.

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Isolation and Genetic Characterization of H5N2 Influenza Viruses from Pigs in Korea

Cited by 65 publications

References 55 publications

Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic H5N2 Avian Influenza Viruses in Poultry in China

Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic H5N2 Avian Influenza Viruses in Poultry in China

Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human–animal interface

Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) H1N1 virus in humans

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