Seroepidemiological and entomological survey in a new focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Kars province, Northeastern Turkey

Sari, Barış; Limoncu, M. Emin; Balcıoğlu, İbrahim; Aldemır, Adnan; Taşçi, Gencay Taşkın; Kiliç, Yunus; Töz, Seray; Demirci, Berna; Demir, Samiye; Kasap, Özge Erişöz; Ölgen, M. Kirami; Özbel, Yusuf

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.021

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Phlebotomus perfiliewi is the most widely distributed species with records from Crimea to North Africa and in many European countries, P. galilaeus is reported from Cyprus and Israel, and P. transcaucasicus is restricted to Caucasia and Central Asia. Turkey is the only known country where these species purportedly occur in sympatry [4, 6, 49]. However, in the 96 P. perfiliewi specimens sampled herein, all were identified as a single taxon ( P. perfiliewi ) in all three species delimitation methods, with a mean genetic distance of 1.1%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Revision of the species composition and distribution of Turkish sand flies using DNA barcodes

et al. 2019

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Background Currently, knowledge regarding the phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna of Turkey is restricted to regions with endemic leishmaniasis. However, rapidly changing environmental and social conditions highlight concerns on the possible future expansion of sand fly-borne diseases in Turkey, promoting risk assessment through biosurveillance activities in non-endemic regions. Traditional morphological approaches are complicated by extensive cryptic speciation in sand flies, thus integrated studies utilizing DNA markers are becoming increasingly important for correct sand fly identification. This study contributes to the knowledge of the sand fly fauna in understudied regions of Turkey, and provides an extensive DNA barcode reference library of expertly identified Turkish sand fly species for the first time. Methods Fly sampling was conducted at 101 locations from 29 provinces, covering all three biogeographical regions of Turkey. Specimens were morphologically identified using available keys. Cytochrome c oxidase I ( cox 1) barcode sequences were analyzed both for morphologically distinct species and those specimens with cryptic identity. A taxon identity tree was obtained using Neighbor Joining (NJ) analysis. Species boundaries among closely related taxa evaluated using ABGD, Maximum Likelihood (ML) and haplotype network analyses. Sand fly richness of all three biogeographical regions were compared using nonparametric species richness estimators. Results A total of 729 barcode sequences (including representatives of all previously reported subgenera) were obtained from a total of 9642 sand fly specimens collected in Turkey. Specimens belonging to the same species or species complex clustered together in the NJ tree, regardless of their geographical origin. The species delimitation methods revealed the existence of 33 MOTUs, increasing the previously reported 28 recorded sand fly species by 17.8%. The richest sand fly diversity was determined in Anatolia, followed by the Mediterranean, and then the Black Sea regions of the country. Conclusions A comprehensive cox 1 reference library is provided for the sand fly species of Turkey, including the proposed novel taxa discovered herein. Our results have epidemiological significance exposing extensive distributions of proven and suspected sand fly vectors in Turkey, including those areas currently regarded as non-endemic for sand fly-borne disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3669-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Phlebotomus ( Larroussius ) kandelakii is the proven vector of L. infantum in Georgia [55] and its potential role in VL transmission has been implicated in other several countries (reviewed in [40] and [56]), including Turkey [6]. Phlebotomus kandelakii ( s.l. )…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revision of the species composition and distribution of Turkish sand flies using DNA barcodes

et al. 2019

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“…Phlebotomus kandelakii plays an important role in ZVL transmission in Iran and is suggested as the main vector of ZVL in both northeastern (steppe) and northwestern (mountainous) areas of the country [13]. Moreover, this species is a major vector of ZVL in other countries such as Georgia [53] and Turkey [54]. The high bacterial diversity in P. kandelakii could be linked to its vectorial capacity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic midgut microbiota of sand fly vectors of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis from northern Iran, a step toward finding potential paratransgenic candidates

et al. 2019

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BackgroundLeishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania parasites and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected sand flies. Development of Leishmania to infective metacyclic promastigotes occurs within the sand fly gut where the gut microbiota influences development of the parasite. Paratransgenesis is a new control method in which symbiotic bacteria are isolated, transformed and reintroduced into the gut through their diet to express anti-parasitic molecules. In the present study, the midgut microbiota of three sand fly species from a steppe and a mountainous region of northern Iran, where zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) is endemic, was investigated.MethodsBriefly, adult female sand flies was collected during summer 2015 and, after dissection, the bacterial composition of the guts were analyzed using a culture-dependent method. Bacterial DNA from purified colonies was extracted to amplify the 16S rRNA gene which was then sequenced.ResultsThree ZVL sand fly vectors including Phlebotomus major, P. kandelakii and P. halepensis were found in the highlighted regions. In total, 39 distinct aerobic bacterial species were found in the sand fly midguts. The sand fly microbiota was dominated by Proteobacteria (56.4%) and Firmicutes (43.6%). Bacterial richness was significantly higher in the steppe region than in the mountainous region (32 vs 7 species). Phlebotomus kandelakii, the most important ZVL vector in the study area, had the highest bacterial richness among the three species. Bacillus subtilis and Pantoea agglomerans were isolated from the guts of the sand flies; these are already used for the paratransgenesis of sand flies and mosquitoes, respectively.ConclusionsThe existence of B. subtilis and P. agglomerans in the ZVL vectors and other sand fly species studied so far suggests that these two bacterial species are potential candidates for paratransgenic approach to prevent ZVL transmission. Further research needs to test the possible relationship between the gut microbiome richness and the vector competence of the ZVL vectors.

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“…On the other hand, smaller males have the advantage of earlier adult emergence as they develop faster and reduce the competition for fertilizing virgin females (Blanckenhorn ). Male‐biased sex ratios reported for most of the field‐collected sand flies (Simsek et al , Kasap et al , Sari et al , Alten et al ) and female‐biased size dimorphism observed for field‐collected P. ariasi (Prudhomme et al ) are in concordance with this trade‐off between body size and developmental time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Wing morphology variations in a natural population ofPhlebotomus tobbiAdler and Theodor 1930

Oğuz

Kasap

Alten

2017

Journal of Vector Ecology

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is highly endemic in the Cukurova region, located on the crossroads of main refugee routes from the Middle East to Europe on the eastern Mediterranean part of Turkey. Our purpose was to investigate the phenotypic variation of Phlebotomus tobbi, the known vector of CL in the region, during one active season. Sand flies and microclimatic data were collected monthly from May to October, 2011, from five locations in six villages in the study area. A geometric morphometric approach was used to investigate wing morphology. Shape analyses revealed that males collected in May and June comprised one group, while specimens collected in August, September, and October formed a second group. Specimens from July were found to be distributed within these two groups. A similar distribution pattern was observed for females, but specimens from October were represented as the third district group. Significant size variation was detected for both sexes between months. Wing size and temperature were negatively correlated for females, but there was no temperature effect for males. Wing size of both sexes was increased in correlation to increasing relative humidity. Males were found to have smaller wings with increasing population density. Journal of Vector Ecology 42 (2): 223-232. 2017.

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Seroepidemiological and entomological survey in a new focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Kars province, Northeastern Turkey

Cited by 15 publications

References 35 publications

Revision of the species composition and distribution of Turkish sand flies using DNA barcodes

Revision of the species composition and distribution of Turkish sand flies using DNA barcodes

Aerobic midgut microbiota of sand fly vectors of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis from northern Iran, a step toward finding potential paratransgenic candidates

Wing morphology variations in a natural population ofPhlebotomus tobbiAdler and Theodor 1930

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