Seroepidemiologic Study of Cryptosporidium Infection in Children from Rural Communities of Anhui, China and Fortaleza, Brazil

Zu, Shu-Xian; Jin-fen, LI; Barrett, Leah J.; Fayer, Ronald; Shu, Shu-Yu; McAuliffe, Jay; Roche, James K.; Guerrant, Richard L.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.1

Cited by 70 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…Large outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis attributable to contaminated municipal water supplies have been documented in other regions of the United States. 14,15 These data indicate that the prevalence of infection with the intestinal parasite C. parvum is very high among children living in colonias (89%) and urban communities (82%) along the Texas-Mexico border and is comparable to the prevalence observed in developing countries such as Brazil 13 and Venezuela 16 (Table 4). Infection within colonias was associated with previously described factors (older age and lower household income) as well as consumption of municipal water.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…Older age and lower household income (a measurement of socioeconomic status) are es-tablished risk factors for C. parvum infection, 13 as well as other infections spread through fecal-oral contact. 12 The independent risk of consumption of municipal water indicates that the municipal water sources within these colonias were intermittently or regularly contaminated with C. parvum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in children along the Texas-Mexico border and associated risk factors.

Leach¹,

Koo²,

Kuhls³

et al. 2000

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We examined the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum in children aged 6 months to 13 years living in 1) colonias along the border (n ϭ 105), 2) a clinic in an urban border community (n ϭ 65), and 3) clinics in a large urban nonborder area (n ϭ 109). Serum IgG and IgA anticryptosporidial antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Overall, 70.2% (196/279) of subjects had detectable C. parvum antibodies. Prevalence rates were higher (93/105 [89%]) in the colonias and urban border community (53/65 [82%]) compared to the urban nonborder community (50/109 [46%]). Within colonias, independent risk factors for C. parvum infection included consumption of municipal water instead of bottled water, older age, and lower household income. Children living along the Texas-Mexico border have a higher rate of infection with C. parvum compared to children living in a large nonborder urban area. Within colonias, C. parvum infection was associated with source of water supply, age, and socioeconomic status.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in children along the Texas-Mexico border and associated risk factors.

Leach¹,

Koo²,

Kuhls³

et al. 2000

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…H. pylori has been detected in the stools of infected individuals by culture and PCR detection, which indicates the possibility of fecal-oral transmission and a potential source of water contamination (9). Most of the adults and 75% of the children living in the community in our study were infected by C. parvum, and most of the children acquired the infection in the first year of life (14,19).…”

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confidence: 94%

Age-Specific Helicobacter pylori Seropositivity Rates of Children in an Impoverished Urban Area of Northeast Brazil

et al. 2003

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We determined age-specific Helicobacter pylori seropositivity rates of 166 children and 39 mothers in an urban shantytown in northeast Brazil. Seropositivity rates increased from 23.1% at 0 to 11 months of age to only 39.3% by 96 to 131 months of age and were 82.1% at maturity. We observed no correlation between the seropositivity of the mothers and the seropositivity of their children.Accumulating evidence suggests that Helicobacter pylori is acquired in early childhood and infects more people in developing countries than in industrialized countries (1,3,4,11). In impoverished areas of developing countries, the H. pylori seropositivity rate by 20 years of age has been shown to be more than 80%, much greater than the 30% seropositivity rate by 30 years of age in industrialized countries (3,6,18). Furthermore, a study of 141 adults showed no significant change in H. pylori infection rates from 1969 to 1990, suggesting that acquisition of H. pylori in adulthood does not play a large role in the high seropositivity rates seen in developing countries (4).In order to understand the transmission and health impact of H. pylori infection, a focus on early childhood infection is necessary (12). Our report presents new age-specific H. pylori seropositivity rates and suggests that neither mother-to-child nor waterborne transmission of the pathogen can account for whom is infected and when the infection occurs.The subjects in this study live in Gonçalves Dias, a slum of FIG. 1. Age-specific seropositivity rates of subjects living in an impoverished urban area of northeast Brazil increased to 39.3% by age 10, before reaching 82% by maturity. Most subjects in our study did not acquire H. pylori infection very early in childhood. n, number of samples.

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“…When serologically tested with IgG cryptosporidial antibodies, 57.5% of 610 children in rural Anhui, China and more than 90% of 40 children in impoverished areas of Fortaleza, Brazil tested positive early in age, as compared with 16.9% of 172 children and young adults in Virginia, USA [18]. It is now recognized that diarrhea in children caused by Cryptosporidium accounts for about 20% in developing countries, with a lower percentage of episodes (9%) in industrialized ones [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update of Human Infections Caused by Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli, Honduras

Kaminsky¹,

Reyes-García²

2017

Clin Microbiol

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Seroepidemiologic Study of Cryptosporidium Infection in Children from Rural Communities of Anhui, China and Fortaleza, Brazil

Cited by 70 publications

References 0 publications

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in children along the Texas-Mexico border and associated risk factors.

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in children along the Texas-Mexico border and associated risk factors.

Age-Specific Helicobacter pylori Seropositivity Rates of Children in an Impoverished Urban Area of Northeast Brazil

Update of Human Infections Caused by Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli, Honduras

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