Serodiagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus

Saeed

Abubakar³

et al. 2013

Transbound Emerg Dis

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an endemic disease of small ruminants, and vaccination has been the method of control but outbreaks are continuously occurring in Pakistan. The following study presents a detailed investigation of an outbreak, suspected to be PPR, probably introduced by PPRV-infected sheep and goats from Sindh Province (north-west) to Punjab Province (central) of Pakistan during the flood relief campaign in 2011. A total of 70 serum samples from 28 different flocks were tested with competitive ELISA (H antibodies), which detected 24 (34.2%) samples positive for PPRV antibodies. Nasal swabs and faeces were tested with immunocapture ELISA (N antigen), which detected 18 (25.7%) samples positive for PPRV antigen. The RNA detected positive (n = 28, 40%) using real-time PCR was subjected to conventional PCR for the amplification of the fusion and nucleoprotein genes. Sequencing of both genes and subsequent phylogenetic analysis indicated the grouping of all the sequences to be in lineage IV along with other Asian isolates of PPRV. However, sequences of both genes were divided into two groups within lineage IV. One group of viruses clustered with previously characterized Pakistani isolates, whereas the other group was distinctly clustered with isolates from the Middle East or India. The sequence identity indicated the introduction of at least one population of PPRV from a different source and circulation in the local flocks of small ruminants, which emphasized the need to obtain health clearance certificate before movement of animals. The results of this study provide baseline data for the genetic characterization of different PPRV populations in Pakistan.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants Viruses From Outbreaks Caused by Unrestricted Movements of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

Saeed

Abubakar³

et al. 2013

Transbound Emerg Dis

“…The detection of specific antibodies against PPRV is the most common and economical way of identifying evidence of infection in a geographic area, because antibodies against the virus remain in infected animals for a long time. The available serological techniques for the diagnosis of PPRV have been reviewed (Munir, ; Munir et al., ).…”

Section: Molecular Diagnosis and Control Of Pprvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Wild Small Ruminants in the Epidemiology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants

2013

Transbound Emerg Dis

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes one of the most contagious and highly infectious respiratory diseases in sheep and goats known as peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Reports of outbreaks of PPR in captive and wild small ruminants have extended the known spectrum of susceptible species to include antelopes. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein and fusion genes indicates that all PPRVs isolated from wild ungulate outbreaks belong to lineage IV. While it is clear that a number of wildlife species are susceptible to infection, the role of wildlife in the epidemiology of PPR remains uncertain. The available information about the occurrence of disease in free-ranging wildlife is mainly derived from surveys based on serological evidence. Data on the genetic nature of circulating PPRV strains are scarce. Given the scope of PPR in wild ungulates that are widespread in many countries, current disease surveillance efforts are inadequate and warrant additional investment. This is crucial because domestic and wild ruminants mingle together at several points, allowing inter-species transmission of PPRV. There is no reason to believe that PPRV circulates in wild animals and acts as a potential source of virus for domestic species. Irrespective of the possibility of wild small ruminants as the reservoir of PPRV, concerns about the role of susceptible species of antelopes need to be addressed, due to the fact that the disease can pose a serious threat to the survival of endangered species of wild ruminants on the one hand and could act as a constraint to the global eradication of PPR on the other hand. In this review, knowledge gained through research or surveillance on the sustainability of PPRV in wild ruminants is discussed.

“…These assays are reliable, simple, and fast to screen various biological samples for PPRV, and may serve as alternatives to expensive and labor intensive assays (Munir 2011;Munir et al 2012a;Munir et al 2009b). Immunofluorescence (Sumption et al 1998) and immunochemistry (Eligulashvili et al 2002) have also been applied successfully for the demonstration of PPRV antigens, and are compared in parallel to antigen detection ELISAs (Munir 2011). …”

Section: Antigen Detection For Ppr Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sensitivity and specificity have been estimated to be 90.4 and 98.9 %, respectively. The detailed principle, experimental protocol, and molecular bases have been recently reviewed comprehensively (Munir 2011;Munir et al 2012a).…”

Section: Serological Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been several alternative tests reported for the serological diagnosis of PPRV, such as indirect N ELISA (Ismail et al 1995), immunofiltration (Dhinakar Raj et al 2000), sandwich ELISA (Saravanan et al 2008), hemagglutination tests (Dhinakar Raj et al 2000;Manoharana et al 2005), latex agglutination tests (Keerti et al 2009), single radial hemolysis test (Munir et al 2009a), and a precipitation inhibition test (b). The application of all these assays in terms of their sensitivity and specificity was recently compared and critically reviewed (Munir 2011;Munir et al 2012a). …”

Section: Serological Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Current Advances in Molecular Diagnosis and Vaccines for Peste des Petits Ruminants

Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus

Zohari²,

Berg

2012

Self Cite

There has been a substantial improvement in the detection of the nucleic acids of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV), and effective vaccines have been developed in recent years. Demonstrations of several real-time PCR assays have provided powerful and novel means of not only detection but also quantification of the nucleic acids of PPRV in several types of clinical samples. Although most of the lineages are continent specific, reports on mixed lineages are emerging, such as in Sudan and Uganda. None of the available assays is devised so far to differentiate all of the lineages. Despite essential advances in the marker vaccines, it is still required to establish reverse genetics systems to rescue recombinant PPRV vaccines, primarily by manipulating the genes of PPRV and insertion of positive or negative markers, which ultimately will lead to the development of companion test. Similarly, swapping different genes will facilitate the establishment of a test that can differentiate vaccinated and infected animals. In this chapter, we discuss available diagnostic tests and potent PPRV vaccines. Furthermore, the current advances in both fields and possibilities to develop next-generation assays and vaccines for PPRV are critically discussed.