Current Advances in Molecular Diagnosis and Vaccines for Peste des Petits Ruminants

Abstract

There has been a substantial improvement in the detection of the nucleic acids of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV), and effective vaccines have been developed in recent years. Demonstrations of several real-time PCR assays have provided powerful and novel means of not only detection but also quantification of the nucleic acids of PPRV in several types of clinical samples. Although most of the lineages are continent specific, reports on mixed lineages are emerging, such as in Sudan and Uganda. None of the available assays is devised so far to differentiate all of the lineages. Despite essential advances in the marker vaccines, it is still required to establish reverse genetics systems to rescue recombinant PPRV vaccines, primarily by manipulating the genes of PPRV and insertion of positive or negative markers, which ultimately will lead to the development of companion test. Similarly, swapping different genes will facilitate the establishment of a test that can differentiate vaccinated and infected animals. In this chapter, we discuss available diagnostic tests and potent PPRV vaccines. Furthermore, the current advances in both fields and possibilities to develop next-generation assays and vaccines for PPRV are critically discussed.

Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: An Emerging Threat to Goat Farming in Pakistan

“…The emergence of diseases like PPR has a huge impact on this industry. Due to lack of awareness and unavailability of quality PPR vaccine, the disease has become endemic in Pakistan (Abubakar et al., , ; Zahur et al., ; Munir et al., ). The other reason for endemicity is that there is no national control programme for PPR in the country.…”

“…According to a 2009 United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) report, the proportion of the global small ruminant population that is at risk of PPR can be as high as 62.5% (OIE, ). Peste des Petits Ruminants is considered to be a major limiting factor in the development of the small ruminant industry in disease epidemic areas (Munir et al., ). It is especially prevalent in developing countries of Africa and Asia, where small ruminants play a vital role in sustainable agriculture employment (Singh et al., ).…”

Advances in Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases of Small Ruminants

“…Availability of better serological tests including ELISAs and monoclonal antibodies has enabled detection of antibodies to these infectious agents (namely, bacteria, viruses, and fungi) with more rapidity as well as specificity [24]. Moreover, due to advancement in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, there has been enormous improvement in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases of small ruminants [25]. Recent advances in biotechnology and molecular biology have led to the development of a variety of diagnostic assays, namely, PCR, RT-PCR, PCR-ELISA, RAPD, AFLP, RFLP, real-time PCR, quantitative PCR, multiplex PCR, LAMP, microsatellites, gene sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis, which not only help in identification but also assist in molecular characterization of various pathogens [20,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37].…”

Obtaining Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein of PPR Virus for Disease Serodiagnostic

“…Технология конструирования рекомбинантных белков с аффинными метками позволяет очищать их методом хроматографии на металлхелатных сорбентах, уйти от использования в работе живого вируса ЧМЖ и одновременно повысить специфичность ИФА за счет получения высокоочищенных антигенов. Современные средства серодиагностики ЧМЖ разрабатывают на основе вирусоспецифичных рекомбинантных белков, в первую очередь белка N (24)(25)(26)(27), который по антигенным и иммуногенным характеристикам превосходит остальные белки морбилливирусов (28,29). Другое преимущество белка N состоит в том, что из протеинов вируса ЧМЖ он как антиген наиболее консервативен (30).…”