Seroconversion to Causes of Febrile Illness in Mongolian Peacekeepers Deployed to South Sudan

Altangerel, Enkhtsetseg; Davadoorj, Rendoo; Fernandez, Stefan; Mongkolsirichaikul, Duangrat; Altantuul, Damdin; Elbegdorj, Erdene; Ganchimeg, Lkhagvasuren; Yingst, Samuel L.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0174

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…In summary, chikungunya virus infections are realistic threats to deployed soldiers in endemic areas due to the vector-borne mode of transmission. Apart from outbreak settings, however, the frequency of transmission in deployed soldiers in the tropics seems to be low [23,24]. Comparisons with other arbovirus infections are problematic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chikungunya Virus Infections in Military Deployments in Tropical Settings—A Narrative Minireview

Frickmann

Herchenröder

2019

Viruses

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Chikungunya fever is a vector-borne viral disease in subtropical and tropical areas of endemicity. Apart from the burden on local populations, chikungunya virus infection also poses a risk for travelers and, in particular, soldiers during prolonged deployment-associated outdoor activities. The absence of rapid diagnostic tests makes surveillance challenging during military deployments in war and crisis zones with restricted medical infrastructure. Consequently, both historical and up-to-date surveillance data from battlefields are scarce. From several studies and postdeployment assessments, some information on the epidemiology of chikungunya virus infections in deployed military personnel is nevertheless available. The few published data homogeneously suggest a low infection risk in the endemic setting. During outbreaks, however, the infection risk of military personnel is comparable to that of the local population. Infection clusters of soldiers without pronounced outdoor activity have been reported under such circumstances as well. In spite of efforts focusing on the development of a chikungunya virus vaccine, no licensed product is available so far.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chikungunya Virus Infections in Military Deployments in Tropical Settings—A Narrative Minireview

Frickmann

Herchenröder

2019

Viruses

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“…Previous investigations on Op HERRICK (Helmand, Afghanistan) were able to find causative pathogens in febrile patients12 and identify seroconversion in well volunteers 13. Research in Mongolian troops serving in South Sudan showed seroconversion to Rickettsia , West Nile Fever, Q Fever and Leptospira , although it is unknown how many of these volunteers had symptoms 14. However, the Op HERRICK studies relied either on a frequent and reliable airbridge to return samples to the UK, or on sampling in the UK pre-deployment and post-deployment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Undifferentiated febrile illnesses in South Sudan: a case series from Operation TRENTON from June to August 2017

et al. 2020

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Undifferentiated febrile illnesses present diagnostic and treatment challenges in the Firm Base, let alone in the deployed austere environment. We report a series of 14 cases from Operation TRENTON in South Sudan in 2017 that coincided with the rainy season, increased insect numbers and a Relief in Place. The majority of patients had headaches, myalgia, arthralgia and back pain, as well as leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. No diagnoses could be made in theatre, despite a sophisticated deployed laboratory being available, and further testing in the UK, including next-generation sequencing, was unable to establish an aetiology. Such illnesses are very likely to present in tropical environments, where increasing numbers of military personnel are being deployed, and clinicians must be aware of the non-specific presentation and treatment, as well as the availability of Military Infection Reachback services to assist in the management of these cases.

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“…The legend shows the country names and their year of accession into the EAC in bracket. Non-human primates, humans [115,149,192,[195][196][197][200][201][202] Ndumu During this time there were more than 20 known arboviruses including the Yellow fever virus which were unrelated to the virus, hence it was named Bunyamwera [30,31]. The virus has spread across many regions over the past decades and remains an important virus due to its ability to cause human diseases.…”

Section: Bunyaviridaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The virus has also been serologically detected in human sera in Tanzania [147]. Serological detection has been reported in South Sudan [148][149][150], with also no available data of the virus in Burundi [137].…”

Section: West Nile Virus (Wnv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequent outbreaks in Sudan have been recorded in 2005, 2012, and 2013 [212]. Another report on Mongolian peacekeepers deployed to South Sudan highlighted that the virus is common in South Sudan and its borders [149]. Rwanda however, has had no reported outbreaks despite outbreaks being reported all over its neighboring countries.…”

Section: Chikungunya Virus (Chikv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arboviruses in the East African Community partner states: a review of medically important mosquito-borne Arboviruses

Nyaruaba

Mwaliko

Mwau

et al. 2019

Pathogens and Global Health

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Mosquito-borne diseases, including arbovirus-related diseases, make up a large proportion of infectious disease cases worldwide, causing a serious global public health burden with over 700,000 deaths annually. Mosquito-borne arbovirus outbreaks can range from global to regional. In the East African Community (EAC) region, these viruses have caused a series of emerging and reemerging infectious disease outbreaks. Member states in the EAC share a lot in common including regional trade and transport, some of the factors highlighted to be the cause of mosquito-borne arbovirus disease outbreaks worldwide. In this review, characteristics of 24 mosquito-borne arboviruses indigenous to the EAC are reviewed, including lesser or poorly understood viruses, like Batai virus (BATV) and Ndumu virus (NDUV), which may escape their origins under perfect conditions to establish a foothold in new geographical locations. Factors that may influence the future spread of these viruses within the EAC are addressed. With the continued development observed in the EAC, strategies should be developed by the Community in improving mosquito and mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance to prevent future outbreaks.

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Seroconversion to Causes of Febrile Illness in Mongolian Peacekeepers Deployed to South Sudan

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Chikungunya Virus Infections in Military Deployments in Tropical Settings—A Narrative Minireview

Chikungunya Virus Infections in Military Deployments in Tropical Settings—A Narrative Minireview

Undifferentiated febrile illnesses in South Sudan: a case series from Operation TRENTON from June to August 2017

Arboviruses in the East African Community partner states: a review of medically important mosquito-borne Arboviruses

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