Sequestration and Scavenging of Iron in Infection

Parrow, Nermi L.; Fleming, Robert E.; Minnick, Michael F.

doi:10.1128/iai.00602-13

Cited by 210 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 177 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

206

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Host iron metabolism is, however, altered during infection, with increased levels of iron-scavenging activity by both the host and pathogen (Parrow et al, 2013). An increase in hepcidin in response to inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, results in hypoferraemia, commonly associated with inflammation (Nemeth et al, 2004a) and with a prevalence of 62-72% in CF patients (Pond et al, 1996;Reid et al, 2002).…”

Section: Iron and Cfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron acquisition in the cystic fibrosis lung and potential for novel therapeutic strategies

Tyrrell¹,

Callaghan²

2016

Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Iron acquisition is vital to microbial survival and is implicated in the virulence of many of the pathogens that reside in the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung. The multifaceted nature of iron acquisition by both bacterial and fungal pathogens encompasses a range of conserved and speciesspecific mechanisms, including secretion of iron-binding siderophores, utilization of siderophores from other species, release of iron from host iron-binding proteins and haemoproteins, and ferrous iron uptake. Pathogens adapt and deploy specific systems depending on iron availability, bioavailability of the iron pool, stage of infection and presence of competing pathogens. Understanding the dynamics of pathogen iron acquisition has the potential to unveil new avenues for therapeutic intervention to treat both acute and chronic CF infections. Here, we examine the range of strategies utilized by the primary CF pathogens to acquire iron and discuss the different approaches to targeting iron acquisition systems as an antimicrobial strategy.

show abstract

Section: Iron and Cfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron acquisition in the cystic fibrosis lung and potential for novel therapeutic strategies

Tyrrell¹,

Callaghan²

2016

Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[13] Ferritin is also an acute phase protein, the levels of which are raised in both infectious and non-infectious causes. [10,15] One study from South Africa documented 19 patients with ferritin levels > 10,000 ng/mL, with TB appearing to be the most common cause, accounting for 42% of cases. [10] In the current study, the patients in both the TB and the control groups had raised ferritin levels, with those in the TB group being significantly higher than in the control group (P <0.01).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Phase Proteins and Stress Hormone Responses in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Opolot

Theron

Feldman

2014

Lung

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition to free iron, heme is also a major source for iron used by pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, the bioavailability of iron will affect the proliferative capacity of pathogens because iron is an indispensable cofactor for many enzymes involved in growth [44]. In the host, iron is normally bound to protein, such as the transport protein transferrin, lactoferrin or ferritin, which restricts the accessibility of iron ions by microbes [44].…”

Section: Proposed Antimicrobial Mechanisms Of Mrpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, a substrate-specific periplasmic binding protein transports the iron substrate to an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport system, and the ABC transport system moves the iron into the cytosol [45]. Grampositive bacteria do not possess an outer membrane, thus are devoid of membrane receptors and the ExbB-ExbD-TonB system [44]. Hence iron acquisition mechanisms that may reduce risks attributed to situations of low iron availability provide greater resistance to Gramnegative bacteria that are exposed to low soluble iron.…”

Section: Proposed Antimicrobial Mechanisms Of Mrpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the bioavailability of iron will affect the proliferative capacity of pathogens because iron is an indispensable cofactor for many enzymes involved in growth [44]. In the host, iron is normally bound to protein, such as the transport protein transferrin, lactoferrin or ferritin, which restricts the accessibility of iron ions by microbes [44]. Nevertheless, the concentration (10 -18 M) of the iron that is freely accessible in the host is lower than the optimal iron concentration (10 -7~1 0 -5 M) required for bacterial growth [45].…”

Section: Proposed Antimicrobial Mechanisms Of Mrpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evidence to indicate that maillard reaction products can provide selective antimicrobial activity

Mu¹,

Wang²,

Kitts³

2016

Integr Food Nutr Metab

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

activity also resulted in notable antimicrobial activity [13]. From these and other studies it is important to fully understand the inhibitory effect of Maillard reaction against bacteria and possible mechanism(s) of activity. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive description of the antimicrobial properties of MRPs, related factors that influence the inhibitory effect of MRPs, and demonstrated mechanisms of antimicrobial effect of MRPs. Reaction scheme and products formed in MRIn general, food product matrices possess subtle differences in pH and water activity, which in turn influence the final composition of different MRPs during thermal processing. The diverse range of physical, chemical or biological properties of soluble pre-and final stage melanoidins, or mixtures thereof, which result from varied reaction conditions leads to a cascade of redox reactions that generate a complex mixture of molecules. This represents a major challenge for food scientists to conclude specific structure-function of MRPs with antimicrobial activity. Initiation of the MR is greatest at slightly basic pH, a requirement for the nucleophilic reaction by the amino nitrogen lone-pair electron condensing with a carbonyl carbon on the reducing sugar. The result is the formation of glycosylamine, which dehydrates to a Schiff base and then to Amadori rearrangement. If pH is acidic, the rearrangement of Amadori to 1,2 enolization is facilitated. This is in contrast to subsequent formation of many different chemical AbstractThe Maillard reaction (MR) is a non-enzymatic browning reaction that occurs between carbonyl and amino groups present in foods that are processed or cooked at high temperatures; the result being a vast number of reaction products, termed Maillard reaction products (MRPs). Whereas initial stages of the reaction produce small molecular weight, colorless products; some being volatile and contributing to odor, extending the reaction with prolonged exposure to heat will result in the MR reaching final stages and generating high molecular weight products that contribute to color and flavor, important sensory attributes. Many specific MRPs also impart a range of biological properties; the most recently noted being antioxidant capacity and to a comparatively lesser extent antimicrobial activity. The potential antimicrobial activity of MRPs appears to be dependent on the strain of microorganism and internal/external factors that influence the physicochemical reactions occurring between microbe and the MRP, albeit, the mechanism(s) offered by MRPs is somewhat unclear. The objective of this paper is to summarize the evidence that MRPs evoke antimicrobial activity when certain conditions exist in foods that facilitate an inhibitory potential. We review the current knowledge of factors that influence the inhibitory effect of MRPs on microorganism growth and proliferation, proposed mechanisms of antimicrobial properties of MRPs, and discussion of future relevant applications.

show abstract

Sequestration and Scavenging of Iron in Infection

Cited by 210 publications

References 177 publications

Iron acquisition in the cystic fibrosis lung and potential for novel therapeutic strategies

Iron acquisition in the cystic fibrosis lung and potential for novel therapeutic strategies

Acute Phase Proteins and Stress Hormone Responses in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Evidence to indicate that maillard reaction products can provide selective antimicrobial activity

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About