Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) absorb
low-energy
photons, in the near-infrared region (NIR), and emit high-energy photons,
in the visible or ultraviolet region (UV/Vis). The higher energy radiation
emissions can be used to promote plasmonic photocatalytic reactions
by coupling UCNPs with plasmonic nanoparticles. Thus, in this work,
highly crystalline β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+@NaYF4 UCNPs
capped with an amino-modified nanosized silica shell were coupled
with Au nanospheres (13 ± 2 nm). The plasmonic-driven dimerization
of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) to 4,4′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB)
was carried out solely by using the UCNP visible emissions to excite
the Au nanoparticle localized surface plasmon resonance band. The
reaction was monitored in situ through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
(SERS) and optimal conditions were achieved in order to eliminate
secondary influences during spectra acquisition. The SERS substrates
containing either UCNPs@SiO2-NH2/Au or SiO2-NH2/Au nanoparticles were prepared by the drop-cast
method in silicon substrates. In the studied reaction conditions,
plasmonic photocatalytic activity was observed only in the substrates
containing UCNPs and Au nanoparticles. The plasmonic-driven reaction
was achieved by UCNPs excitation with a 980 nm laser (25.7 mW), aligned
in a Raman spectrometer, only after 5 s of exposition. Interactive
document mapping (IDMAP), which is an unsupervised pattern recognition
method, was applied to analyze the numerous SERS spectra acquired
during the plasmonic photocatalytic measurements. The high values
found for the silhouette coefficient (0.88 for the Si_SiO2-NH2/Au and 0.76 for the Si_NYF@SiO2-NH/Au
substrate) indicate that strong discrimination among the Raman spectra
was achieved. Thus, through IDMAP, it was observed that the SERS spectra
obtained for the substrates containing either UCNPs@SiO2-NH2/Au or SiO2-NH2/Au corresponded
to spectral features, respectively, from the DMAB product and the
4-ATP reagent, evidencing that, in the optimized reaction conditions,
the dimerization occurred only through the interaction of the UCNPs
with the Au nanospheres.