Sequence Determination of the P Gene of Simian virus 41: Presence of Irregular Deletions Near the RNA-Editing Sites of Paramyxoviruses

The human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2) V protein plays important roles in inhibiting the host interferon response and promoting virus growth, but its role in hPIV2 replication and transcription is not clear. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing a negative-sense minigenomic construct of hPIV2 has been established by standard technology, with helper plasmids expressing the nucleocapsid protein (NP), phosphoprotein (P), and large RNA polymerase (L) protein, to examine the role of V protein. We found that the simultaneous expression of wild-type V protein in the minigenome system inhibited GFP expression, at least in part, by inhibiting minigenome replication. In contrast, expression of C terminally truncated or mutant hPIV2 V proteins had no effect. Moreover, the V protein of simian virus 41, the rubulavirus most closely related virus to hPIV2, also inhibited GFP expression, whereas that of PIV5, a more distantly related rubulavirus, did not. Using these other rubulavirus V proteins, as well as various mutant hPIV2 V proteins, we found that the ability of V protein to inhibit GFP expression correlated with its ability to bind to L protein via its C-terminal V protein-specific region, but there was no correlation with NP binding. A possible role for this inhibition of genome replication in promoting viral fitness is discussed.Human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2) is a member of the Rubulavirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae. This family includes many well-known human and animal pathogens, such as Sendai virus (SeV), hPIV types 1 to 4, simian virus 41 (SV41), parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV5; formerly known as SV5), mumps virus, Newcastle disease virus, measles virus (MeV), and respiratory syncytial virus, as well as important emerging viruses such as Hendra and Nipah viruses. The negative-stranded RNA genome of hPIV2 is 15,654 nucleotides long and encodes seven viral proteins from six genes (30). The nucleocapsid protein (NP), phosphoprotein (P), and large RNA polymerase (L) protein are important for transcription and replication of the viral RNA genome. All viruses of the Paramyxoviridae (with the notable exception of hPIV1) contain an mRNA-editing site at which G residues are inserted into the P gene mRNA in a programmed manner during its synthesis. In respiroviruses and morbilliviruses, the P mRNA is a faithful copy of the genome RNA, and the V mRNA results from the insertion of one additional pseudotemplated G nucleotide. In only rubulaviruses, it is the V mRNA that is a faithful transcript of the V/P gene, whereas the P mRNA is synthesized through a cotranscriptional insertion of two pseudotemplated G residues. Thus, the N-terminal 164 amino acids (aa) of the V and P proteins are common, while their C termini are unique (43). Since insertion of the G residues in hPIV2 occurs ca. 50% of the time, roughly equal amounts of V and P mRNAs are produced. The C termini of the V proteins contain seven invariant cysteines that bind two atoms of zinc and is ca. 50% identical in sequence among all par...

show abstract

“…The hPIV2 V protein shows 69.3 and 41.1% homology with those of SV41 and PIV5, respectively (26,28). As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 V Protein Inhibits Genome Replication by Binding to the L Protein: Possible Role in Promoting Viral Fitness

Nishio

Ohtsuka

Tsurudome

et al. 2008

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The P protein of NDV bears limited but distinct similarity to the equivalent proteins from SV5, mumps, hPIV2 and hPIV4A and -4B, as well as the recently reported simian virus 41 sequence (Kawano et al, 1993) (not shown). Of these viruses, all but NDV encode the V protein from an unedited transcript of the P gene, and insert predominantly two G residues to accomplish the switch to the P reading frame.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to those shown in Fig. 5, the coding schemes of rinderpest virus (RPV) (Yamanaka et aL, 1992) and SV41 (Kawano et al, 1993) are shown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA editing in Newcastle disease virus

Steward

Vipond

Millar

et al. 1993

Journal of General Virology

290

201

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The co-transcriptional editing of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) P gene has been studied by sequence analysis of cloned viral genomic RNA and mRNA. Evidence has been obtained for the specific insertion of non-templated G nucleotides, the consequence of which is the generation of three populations of P gene-derived mRNAs. The three populations encode proteins (P, V and W) which have a common N-terminal region, but which utilize three different reading frames at their C termini. Paradoxically, NDV edits its P gene mRNA by the insertion of non-templated G residues in a manner similar to Sendai and measles viruses (P-~ V editing) despite its apparent closer evolutionary relationship to the simian virus type 5, mumps and related group of viruses which edit a V genomic sequence to generate an mRNA to encode a functional P protein (V -~ P editing).

show abstract

“…These events occurred in the lineages that lead to: (1) Avian paramyxovirus 11 (APMV-11; genus: Metaavulavirus ), (2) the Rubulaviri nae subfamily, (3) the Ferlaviruses , and (4) Salem virus (SalPV; genus: Salemvirus ). Edit patterns have been experimentally investigated for three of these four clades: 10 members of the Rubulavirinae ( Thomas, Lamb and Paterson 1988 ; Kondo et al 1990 ; Ohgimoto et al 1990 ; Paterson and Lamb 1990 ; Southern, Precious, and Randall 1990 ; Takeuchi et al 1990 ; Kawano et al 1993 ; Bowden et al 2001 ; Chua et al 2001 ; Lau et al 2010 ), 2 Ferlaviruses ( Kurath et al 2004 ; Woo et al 2014 ), and SalPV ( Renshaw et al 2000 ).…”

Section: Evolution Of the Cotranscriptional Gene Editing Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary history of cotranscriptional editing in the paramyxoviral phosphoprotein gene

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The phosphoprotein gene of the paramyxoviruses encodes multiple protein products. The P, V, and W proteins are generated by transcriptional slippage. This process results in the insertion of non-templated guanosine nucleosides into the mRNA at a conserved edit site. The P protein is an essential component of the viral RNA polymerase, and is encoded by a faithful copy of the gene in the majority of paramyxoviruses. However, in some cases the non essential V protein is encoded by default and guanosines must be inserted into the mRNA in order to encode P. The number of guanosines inserted into the P gene can be described by a probability distribution which varies between viruses. In this article we review the nature of these distributions, which can be inferred from mRNA sequencing data, and reconstruct the evolutionary history of cotranscriptional editing in the paramyxovirus family. Our model suggests that, throughout known history of the family, the system has switched from a P default to a V default mode four times; complete loss of the editing system has occurred twice, the canonical zinc finger domain of the V protein has been deleted or heavily mutated a further two times, and the W protein has independently evolved a novel function three times. Finally, we review the physical mechanisms of cotranscriptional editing via slippage of the viral RNA polymerase.

show abstract

Sequence Determination of the P Gene of Simian virus 41: Presence of Irregular Deletions Near the RNA-Editing Sites of Paramyxoviruses

Cited by 12 publications

References 26 publications

Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 V Protein Inhibits Genome Replication by Binding to the L Protein: Possible Role in Promoting Viral Fitness

Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 V Protein Inhibits Genome Replication by Binding to the L Protein: Possible Role in Promoting Viral Fitness

RNA editing in Newcastle disease virus

Evolutionary history of cotranscriptional editing in the paramyxoviral phosphoprotein gene

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About