Separation/Preconcentration Methods for the Determination of Aluminum in Dialysate Solution and Scalp Hair Samples of Kidney Failure Patients

Abstract

A new method is reported for the separation of aluminum ions (Al(3+)) from interfering cations in pharmaceutical and biological samples through solid-phase extraction (SPE) using 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (8-hydroxyquinaldine) on activated silica. While separated Al(3+) was preconcentrated by cloud point extraction (CPE) using 3,5,7,2'-4'-pentahydroxyflavone (morin) as complexing reagent, the resulting complex was entrapped in nonionic surfactant (Triton X-114) as prior step to its determination by spectrofluorimetry (SPF). The validity of separation/preconcentration of Al(3+) was checked by certified reference material of human hair and standard addition method. The chemical variables affecting the analytical performance of the separation/preconcentration methods were studied and optimized. The enrichment factor and detection limit of Al(3+) for the preconcentration of 10 ml of dialysate solution and acid-digested samples of scalp hair samples were found to be 25 and 0.34 μg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviation for six replicates of standard containing 20 μg/L of Al(3+) was <10%. In all DS, the concentration of Al was >10 μg/L. The level of Al in scalp hair samples of kidney failure patients was higher than healthy controls.

Aluminium in parenteral nutrition: a systematic review

“…Al is the lightest, least dense and third most abundant mineral within the earth's crust (8% by weight) after oxygen and silicon. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] It has no known functions in the human body, although a significant role in biomolecular compaction has been proposed. 5,9 Its wide distribution clearly facilitates the potential for human exposure, which occurs through air, food and water, but it is also present in medical, cosmetic and environmental products.…”

“…The widely used analytical technique for the direct detection of the Al in biological fluids is the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, 7 although blood levels continue to be a poor predictor of the presence or absence of Al toxicity. Similarly, urine concentrations have also been used, but the relationship of these levels to disease severity has not been clearly established.…”

Ratiometric Detection of Al Based on the Mixing of D‐penicillamine‐Functionalized Copper Nanoclusters with Pyridoxal 5’‐phosphate

“…Aluminum is the third and most common element in the biosphere and the richest metal (about 8 % of the total mineral composition). [1,2] The aluminum or aluminum compounds is widely used in automotive application fields, food additives, cooking utensils, water treatment plants, medicines, anti-acid agents and paper making industries. [3,5] Most of organic complexes of Al compounds seem to be non-toxic except Al maltolate, Al citrate, and Al acetylacetonate.…”