Separation of microcystins and nodularins by ultra performance liquid chromatography

LC–ESI-Q-TOF-MS for faster and accurate determination of microcystins and nodularins in serum

“…Rapid analyses of microcystins and nodularins in cyanobacterial samples have already been described for LC-MS [17] and for HPLC-DAD [40,41]. The longer 30 min gradient used in this study did not provide further benefits as measured by selectivity and resolution as compared to the 5 min gradient.…”

Mechanism and application of solid phase adsorption toxin tracking for monitoring microcystins

“…In particular, the microcystins associated with some strains of Microcystis, have caused concern due to their hepatotoxicity in both humans and wildlife [4]. Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins, whose chemical structures vary primarily in the demethylation of amino acids and substitution of l-amino acids [5]. The chemical structures of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and its demethyl derivative, [Dha 7 ] MC-LR, are shown in Fig.…”

Development of a high sensitive automatic setup for screening of microcystins in surface waters by employing a LED-based photometric detector

“…Microcystins are cyanobacterial secondary metabolites delivered in water, which have been characterized as strong hepatotoxins [2][3][4][5][6][7]. The contamination of drinking water by microcystins has been suggested as a risk factor for cancer [1,4,6,7].…”

“…Microcystins have been determined in water by employing different separation strategies associated with several detection techniques, such as ultra-performance liquid chromatography [2], capillary electrophoresis [5], spectrophotometry [3,8,12], surface plasmon resonance immunobiosensor [15], quantum dots exploiting the photoluminescence quenching effect [16], extraction using cloud point and ionic liquid [17], and on-line microsolid-phase extraction-capillary liquid chromatography [18]. Nevertheless, the preferred method has predominantly been liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry [2,[10][11][12]14,17,18].…”

“…Nevertheless, the preferred method has predominantly been liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry [2,[10][11][12]14,17,18].…”