Separation of inorganic solutes from oil-field produced water using a compacted bentonite membrane

Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment

“…Results of feeding it with different TDS showed that clay membranes were not suitable for treating produced water with high TDS [113].…”

Copper removal from oil-field brine by coprecipitation

“…The enhancement in removal efficiency was seemingly due to the performance of coprecipitation at a higher pH. However, when CaCl 2 is the injecting fluid and Na 2 CO 3 is in excess in the solution, the concentration of CO 3 2− anions around the particles seem to be more due to their incorporation in the crystal lattice. These negative ions cause higher concentration of Cu 2+ cations around the particles and thereby higher probability of metal incorporation in the lattice or adsorption on the surface.…”

“…This was determined by wash treatment of crystals and their dissolution in HNO 3 . It is expected that the wash treatment removed the adsorbed metal from the crystal surface; and therefore, it is deduced that the remaining metal content incorporated into the crystal lattice.…”

“…Discharge of oil-field brine containing heavy metals to the environment, will pollute the surface waters and eventually will be hazardous to human life [3]. The conventional water treatment procedures usually are not able to effectively remove all pollutants from the surface waters.…”

Novel Cleanup Agents Designed Exclusively for Oil Field Membrane Filtration Systems Low Cost Field Demonstrations of Cleanup Agents in Controlled Experimental Environments

“…Most membranes available for use are thin film polyamide membranes on a polysulfone support [26]. Novel clay membranes have been tested for produced water treatment but with high TDS [28].…”