Separation and identification of higher fullerenes in soot extract by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Jinno, Kiyokatsu; Matsui, Hirofumi; Ohta, Hatsuichi; Saito, Yoshihiro; Nakagawa, Katsuhiro; Nagashima, Hideo; Itoh, Kenji

doi:10.1007/bf02688051

Cited by 35 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The other advantages are the employment of smaller amounts of the mentioned solvents, smaller mass of stationary phase, finely granulated Al 2 O 3 and cheaper laboratory equipment in comparison to previous chromatographic methods for their isolation under pressure (15)(16)(17). This is also a relevant contribution in comparison to previous extraction and chromatographic methods, whereby only the isolation of the basic fullerenes was successfully performed under atmospheric pressure (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The other advantages in comparison to previous chromatographic methods, whereby the higher fullerenes were obtained under pressure (15)(16)(17), would be: the employment of smaller amounts of solvents for their elution, smaller mass of stationary phase Al 2 O 3 , as well as cheaper laboratory equipment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The isolated higher fullerenes are significant for further investigations of their physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties, as well as for the numerous possible nanotechnological applications in, for example, electronic and optical devices, solar cells, optical, chemical or acoustic sensors, catalysts, synthesis of diamonds, storage of hydrogen, batteries, superconductors, diagnostic or therapeutic agents, transport of metal atoms or biologically active molecules in vivo (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolation and Characterization of the Higher Fullerenes from Carbon Soot

Jovanovic

Koruga

Jovančićević

2011

Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures

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In the first phase of the process, the higher fullerenes, mainly C 76 and C 84 , as well as the basic fullerenes C 60 and C 70 , in a smaller amount, were Soxhlet extracted with pyridine from the sample of initial carbon soot, produced in electrical arc. The extract was obtained in increased, high yield of 16.4%, due to application of the original procedure. The solubility of fullerenes in this solvent was determined. Chromatographic separation of fullerenes from pyridine extract was performed by continual elution, in one phase of the process, under atmospheric pressure, with original, defined gradient of solvents, from pure hexane to pure toluene, on active Al 2 O 3 column, by a new, improved method. Identifications of fullerenes in the obtained chromatographically purified fractions and pyridine extract of the initial soot were performed using determined IR and UV/VIS techniques that have not been presented previously for the higher fullerenes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolation and Characterization of the Higher Fullerenes from Carbon Soot

Jovanovic

Koruga

Jovančićević

2011

Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures

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“…In the early 1990s, fullerenes (C 60 , C 70 , C 76 , C 78 …) were first produced in macroscopic quantities by condensation of vaporized graphite [8-12]. Additionally, lower order fullerenes (e.g., C 28 and C 36 ) were also isolated from soot generated by vaporization of graphite [8, 9, 12-15]. Naturally-occurring fullerenes were detected in the 1990s in materials affected by high energy events such as lightning strikes, meteors [16-18] and meteor-impacted or metamorphic materials [19-23], and in geologic samples [18, 23, 24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Analysis of Fullerene Nanomaterials in Environmental Systems: A Critical Review

Isaacson

Kleber

Field

2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

157

126

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The increasing production and use of fullerene nanomaterials has led to calls for more information regarding the potential impacts that releases of these materials may have on human and environmental health. Fullerene nanomaterials, which are comprised of both fullerenes and surface-functionalized fullerenes, are used in electronic, optic, medical and cosmetic applications. Measuring fullerene nanomaterial concentrations in natural environments is difficult because they exhibit a duality of physical and chemical characteristics as they transition from hydrophobic to polar forms upon exposure to water. In aqueous environments, this is expressed as their tendency to initially (i) self assemble into aggregates of appreciable size and hydrophobicity, and subsequently (ii) interact with the surrounding water molecules and other chemical constituents in natural environments thereby acquiring negative surface charge. Fullerene nanomaterials may therefore deceive the application of any single analytical method that is applied with the assumption that fullerenes have but one defining characteristic (e.g., hydrophobicity). [1] We find that analytical procedures are needed to account for the potentially transitory nature of fullerenes in natural environments through the use of approaches that provide chemically-explicit information including molecular weight and the number and identity of surface functional groups. [2] We suggest that sensitive and mass-selective detection, such as that offered by mass spectrometry when combined with optimized extraction procedures, offers the greatest potential to achieve this goal. [3] With this review, we show that significant improvements in analytical rigor would result from an increased availability of well characterized authentic standards, reference materials, and isotopically-labeled internal standards. Finally, the benefits of quantitative and validated analytical methods for advancing the knowledge on fullerene occurrence, fate, and behavior are indicated.

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“…After the discovery of 60-atom clusters and large carbon-cage molecules [1][2][3][4][5][6], the studies of nanostructured materials based on the family of fullerene molecules have attracted the attention of scientists and materials scientists [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Fullerenes are closed hollow cages of carbon atoms interconnected in pentagonal and hexagonal rings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and optical properties of the M@C59X cages (X=N, B and M=Li, Na)

Yaghobi

Adabinezhad

2015

Pramana - J Phys

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Using B3LYP/6-31G* density functional level of theory, the structural and optical properties of the C 60 and M@C 59 X cages have been investigated. Results indicate that the charge on C atoms and band gap of C 60 cage are changed dramatically with the substitution of one B or N atom at one of the C sites and the Li and Na atom encapsulations in the C 60 cage. The Mulliken analyses show that the charge is transferred completely between the alkali atoms and the C 59 X cage. The substitutional and encapsulation doping (SED) reduce the optical gaps of the C 60 cage. Also, the oscillator strengths of the absorption peaks are dependent on dopant types.

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Separation and identification of higher fullerenes in soot extract by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Cited by 35 publications

References 21 publications

Isolation and Characterization of the Higher Fullerenes from Carbon Soot

Isolation and Characterization of the Higher Fullerenes from Carbon Soot

Quantitative Analysis of Fullerene Nanomaterials in Environmental Systems: A Critical Review

Structural and optical properties of the M@C59X cages (X=N, B and M=Li, Na)

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