Sentencing disparities for juvenile offenders sentenced to adult prisons: An individual and contextual analysis

Carmichael, Jason T.

doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.001

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 94 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…I find significant variation in punishment severity by race across Pennsylvania counties, but no statistically significant contextual effects. The inability of the contextual measures to affect racial disparities in punishment decisions is puzzling in light of prior theory and research on race and punishment.It may be that other, less explored contextual factors—such as crime level (see, e.g., Britt, 2000), region of country (see, e.g., Carmichael, 2010), urbanization (see, e.g., Feld, 1999), political context (see, e.g., Helms, 2009), or religious context (see, e.g., Fearn, 2005) can better explain this variation. Indeed, in the present analysis concentrated disadvantage and crime rates were negatively associated with incarceration (but not detention) outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Minority Threat Hypothesis for Juveniles in Criminal Court

Zane

2017

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the context of the criminal justice system, the minority threat hypothesis posits that a growing minority population will exacerbate racial and ethnic disparities as those in power seek to establish social control over the threatening population. Decades of research have produced mixed findings, possibly due to the varied approaches to testing this hypothesis as well as the different populations to whom it is applied. To fully explore the racial and ethnic threat hypotheses for an underexamined population-juveniles transferred to criminal court-and an underexamined outcome-pretrial detention-the present article employs a series of multilevel models to test several versions of the hypothesis. Specifically, the article distinguishes between two measures of minority threat-static and dynamic-and two types of threat effects-diffuse and targeted. Findings indicate limited support for the minority threat hypothesis in all forms. Several interpretations are offered, ranging from consideration of the need for more informed measures of threat to a possible need to modify or abandon the minority threat hypothesis in the context of juvenile and criminal justice processing.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Minority Threat Hypothesis for Juveniles in Criminal Court

Zane

2017

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous studies found that cities with larger African-American populations had more police killings (Sorenson, Marquart & Brock 1993) and more police killings of African Americans (Jacobs and O'Brien 1998). Other studies found a link between minority threat and other forms of social control including police force size ( (Nalla, Lynch & Leiber 1997;Jackson 1989) or prisons and jails (Jacobs & Helms 1999), higher arrest rates (Liska et al 1984), greater use of jails (Carmichael 2005); longer sentence of incarceration (Carmichael & Burgos 2012;Carmichael 2010) and more death sentences (Jacobs & Carmichael 2004). Despite such substantial support for the threat hypothesis in the U.S., few studies have assessed whether or not threat hypotheses are applicable in Canada and, in particular, if and how minority presence may influence criminal justice policies and practices in that country.…”

Section: Minority Threat Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Use of Lethal Force by Canadian Police Officers: Assessing the Influence of Female Police Officers and Minority Threat Explanations on Police Shootings Across Large Cities

Carmichael

Kent

2014

Am J Crim Just

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study examines the applicability of several theoretically derived accounts used to explain the variations in police killings across 39 of Canada's largest cities over a 15year period. Pooled time-series negative binomial regression results are consistent with the ethnic threat hypothesis by indicating that lethal police action is associated with the size of the ethnic minority population in each city. Political accounts are supported as non-linear specifications suggest that once ethnic minorities reach a numerical majority in our sample of cities there is a decline in police killings. Findings also support expectations that greater female representation within policing will reduce the use of lethal force by changing the overall culture of the department. Theoretical implications of our findings are discussed.

show abstract

“…An analysis of 16-year-old defendants in New York City criminal courts during 1992–1993 also found that neither race nor Latino ethnicity was significant in regression models of incarceration outcomes (Kupchik, 2006). Carmichael (2010) found that while both race and Hispanic ethnicity were not significant in estimates of sentence length for a sample of juveniles convicted in adult courts during the period of 1983–2001, Black defendants convicted of murder received significantly shorter sentences than their White counterparts.…”

Section: Prior Research On Race Ethnicity and Punishmentmentioning

confidence: 89%

Sentencing Transferred Juveniles in the Adult Criminal Court

Lehmann

Chiricos

Bales

2016

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Much prior research has demonstrated that race and ethnicity are associated with harsher punishment outcomes among adult defendants in the criminal court. However, few studies have explored these disparities in the sentencing of juvenile offenders who have been transferred to the adult court, and this research has reported conflicting findings. Moreover, the ways in which offenders’ race and ethnicity may interact with their sex, age, and offense type have yet to be explored among this population. Analysis of defendants sentenced in Florida (N = 30,913) reveals that Black transferred juveniles are more likely to be sentenced to jail or prison and are given longer prison sentences than Whites, but Hispanic youth are only penalized in the sentence to jail. Interaction analyses suggest that Black males are sentenced particularly harshly regardless of age, and the effects of race and ethnicity are conditioned by a violent, sex, or drug offense.

show abstract

Sentencing disparities for juvenile offenders sentenced to adult prisons: An individual and contextual analysis

Cited by 24 publications

References 94 publications

Exploring the Minority Threat Hypothesis for Juveniles in Criminal Court

Exploring the Minority Threat Hypothesis for Juveniles in Criminal Court

The Use of Lethal Force by Canadian Police Officers: Assessing the Influence of Female Police Officers and Minority Threat Explanations on Police Shootings Across Large Cities

Sentencing Transferred Juveniles in the Adult Criminal Court

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About