Research Summary We conducted a systematic review of recidivism outcomes for juveniles transferred to adult court, incorporating meta‐analytic techniques. Nine studies—based on nine statistically independent samples—met the inclusion criteria. Pooled analysis suggests that juvenile transfer had no statistically significant effect on recidivism. However, the distribution of effect sizes was highly heterogeneous and, given the strength of the research designs, suggests that in some instances transfer may decrease recidivism and in others may increase it. Policy Implications The practice of transferring juvenile offenders to the criminal justice system has decreased from its peak in the mid‐1990s, but it is still estimated to affect tens of thousands of juveniles in the United States each year. As such, a coherent rationale for transfer policy is needed. The present review casts doubt on one prominent justification for transfer, that it creates a specific deterrent effect for transferred juveniles. Indeed, the results suggest that transfer may in fact increase offending. More generally, the results underscore the need for more high‐quality research to identify the conditions under which transfer may decrease or increase recidivism.

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Key Points Question What are the long-term effects of a crime prevention program on mortality? Findings In this longitudinal follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of 506 boys who received individual counseling through a range of activities and home visits for an extended duration vs no special services, no important differences were found between treatment and control group participants for mortality outcomes 72 years after the intervention, suggesting that earlier observed iatrogenic effects did not persist. Meaning Continued research on studies with iatrogenic effects is needed to better understand why and when some programs cause harm and to help mitigate their perpetuation.

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