Sensitive stripping voltammetry of heavy metals by using a composite sensor based on a built-in bismuth precursor

Abstract

A new graphite-epoxy composite electrode (GECE) containing Bi(NO(3))(3) as a built-in bismuth precursor for simultaneous and individual anodic stripping analysis of heavy trace metals like lead and cadmium is reported. The developed Bi(NO(3))(3)-GECE is compatible with bismuth film electrodes reported previously including the composite electrodes (Bi-GECE) recently reported by our group. Bi(NO(3))(3)-GECE displays the ability for the detection of both individual and simultaneous determination of heavy trace metals and exhibits well defined, reproducible and sharp stripping signals. The sensitive response is combined with the minimal toxicity of Bi(NO(3))(3). This novel sensor would be an appropriate alternative tool to sensors using bismuth in solution during their utilization in environmental quality monitoring as well as other applications.

Bismuth Coated Screen-printed Electrode Platform for Greener Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Cadmium and Lead

“…The deposition time is the time required for Bi-SPCE to reduce Cd(II) and Pb(II) to Cd(Bi) and Pb(Bi) alloys, respectively. It is generally accepted that lower limits of detection (LODs) can be obtained with longer deposition times (Castaneda et al, 2005). In Figure 2(c), Cd(II) and Pb(II) peak currents increased rapidly with deposition times from 60-180 s. For deposition times longer than 180 s, the current responses increased negligibly, so this was considered the longest practical time for a satisfactory compromise between high sensitivity and short analytical times.…”

Crystal and electrochemical properties of water dispersed CdS nanocrystals obtained via reverse micelles and arrested precipitation

“…The working electrode (Bi(NO 3 ) 3 -GECE) used for the stripping analysis was based on a graphite-epoxy composite electrode (GECE) mixed with the bismuth nitrate salt. It was prepared as reported previously [23].…”

“…The Bi(NO 3 ) 3 -GECE ensures in situ generation of bismuth ions and film formation without the need for external addition of bismuth in the measuring solution. The rich microstructure of Bi(NO 3 ) 3 -GECE, composed of a mixture of carbon microparticles within the epoxy-resin forming internal microarrays, might have a profound effect not only on the NC adsorption (as in the case of gold nanoparticles [24]) but also upon the formation of Cd film and consequently its stripping, producing a high sensitivity analytical signal [23].…”

Bismuth-Carbon Nanotube Composite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Determination of Heavy Metal Ions

“…To overcome this inconvenience, several types of ready-to-use bismuth modified electrodes were produced. Carbon paste electrodes containing solid bismuth sources were fabricated by initially mixing graphite powder with bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ) (17,23), bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO 3 ) 3 ) (24), or bismuth particles (25). Additionally, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon allotropes with a cylindrical nanostructure, have been applied to construct carbon paste electrodes (26)(27)(28)(29) as CNTs have very interesting physicochemical properties, including exceptionally high surface area as well as unique mechanical and electrical properties.…”